Nominal Relative Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

What gap ichida “...gan narsa” degan ma’noni oladi: What you need — “sizga kerak bo‘lgan narsa”. U o‘zi ham ot, ham bog‘lovchi vazifasini bajaradi — shuning uchun bunday gaplar ot vazifasidagi nisbiy gaplar (nominal relative clauses) deyiladi.

• What you need is sleep.Sizga kerak narsa — uyqu.
• I don’t understand what he said.Uning aytganini tushunmayman.

Unga -ever qo‘shilsa, ma’no kengayadi:

• whatever — “nima bo‘lsa ham, istalgan narsa”;
• whoever — “kim bo‘lsa ham, istalgan kishi”;
• wherever — “qayerda bo‘lsa ham”;
• whenever — “qachon bo‘lsa ham”;
• whichever — “qaysi biri bo‘lsa ham”;
• however — “qanchalik ... bo‘lsa ham, qanday bo‘lsa ham”.

O‘zbekchada bu nima ...sa ham, kim ...sa ham, qayerda ...sa ham, qanchalik ...masin shakllariga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• Take whatever you want.Nima xohlasangiz, oling.
• Whoever did this will pay.Buni kim qilgan bo‘lsa, javob beradi.
• However hard I try, I can’t do it.Qanchalik urinmay, buni qila olmayman.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. what — “...gan narsa”.
2. whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever.
3. -ever so‘zlarining ikki vazifasi: ot o‘rnida va “farqi yo‘q”.
4. however + sifat, no matter + so‘roq so‘zi.
5. Rasmiy bog‘lovchilar: whereby, in which case, at which point.
6. Predlog bilan va eng ko‘p xatolar.

what — “...gan narsa”

what = the thing(s) that — “...gan narsa”. U gapda ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lishi mumkin.

• What you need is sleep.Sizga kerak narsa uyqu. (ega)
• I understand what you mean.Nima demoqchi ekaningizni tushunaman. (to‘ldiruvchi)
• What surprised me was his answer.Meni hayron qoldirgani uning javobi edi.
• This is exactly what I wanted.Aynan men xohlagan narsa shu.
• Tell me what happened.Nima bo‘lganini ayting.

The thing what I need — xato. what o‘zi “the thing that” degani — ot bilan birga kelmaydi. To‘g‘ri: What I need yoki The thing that I need.

whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever

• Take whatever you want.Nima xohlasangiz, oling.
• Whoever did this will pay.Buni kim qilgan bo‘lsa, javob beradi.
• You can sit wherever you like.Xohlagan joyingizga o‘tiring.
• Come whenever you’re free.Bo‘sh bo‘lganingizda keling.
• Whichever you choose, I’ll be happy.Qaysi birini tanlasangiz ham, xursand bo‘laman.
• Whenever I see him, he’s smiling.Uni har ko‘rganimda, u jilmayib turadi.

Ikki vazifa

-ever so‘zlari ikki xil vazifada ishlatiladi:

• I’ll eat whatever you cook.Nima pishirsangiz, yeyman. (ot o‘rnida)
• Whatever you cook, I’ll eat it.Nima pishirsangiz ham, yeyman. (farqi yo‘q)
• Give the money to whoever needs it.Pulni kimga kerak bo‘lsa, o‘shanga bering. (ot o‘rnida)
• Whoever you are, you can’t come in.Kim bo‘lsangiz ham, kira olmaysiz. (farqi yo‘q)

Qat’iy nazar ma’nosi: no matter, however

“...sa ham, qat’iy nazar” ma’nosini uch xil usulda berish mumkin:

• No matter what happens, stay calm.Nima bo‘lmasin, xotirjam bo‘ling.
• Whatever happens, stay calm.Nima bo‘lsa ham, xotirjam bo‘ling.
• No matter how late it is, call me.Qanchalik kech bo‘lsa ham, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
• No matter where you go, I’ll find you.Qayerga borsangiz ham, sizni topaman.
• No matter who calls, don’t answer.Kim qo‘ng‘iroq qilmasin, javob bermang.

however + sifat / ravish

however “qanchalik” ma’nosida — undan keyin darhol sifat yoki ravish keladi, keyin ega + fe’l.

• However rich he is, he’s not happy.Qanchalik boy bo‘lmasin, u baxtli emas.
• However hard I try, I can’t open it.Qanchalik urinmay, uni ocha olmayman.
• However tired you are, you must finish.Qanchalik charchagan bo‘lsangiz ham, tugatishingiz shart.
• However much it costs, I’ll buy it.Qancha tursa ham, sotib olaman.

However he is rich — xato (bu “Biroq u boy” degan ma’no beradi). To‘g‘ri: However rich he is.

Rasmiy bog‘lovchi so‘zlar

Yozma, rasmiy va akademik matnlarda fikrlarni bog‘lash uchun maxsus bog‘lovchilar ishlatiladi.

• There is a rule whereby students must attend.Talabalar qatnashishi shart bo‘lgan qoida bor.
• The plan may fail, in which case we will change it.Reja muvaffaqiyatsiz bo‘lishi mumkin, bunday holda uni o‘zgartiramiz.
• The meeting lasted three hours, during which nothing was decided.Yig‘ilish uch soat davom etdi, shu davomida hech narsa hal qilinmadi.
• He started shouting, at which point I left the room.U baqira boshladi, shu payt men xonadan chiqib ketdim.
• The train arrived at 10, by which time we were exhausted.Poyezd soat 10 da keldi, shu vaqtga kelib biz holdan toygan edik.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Shakl tanlash:

1. Narsa: whatever.
2. Odam: whoever.
3. Joy: wherever.
4. Vaqt: whenever.
5. Tanlov (cheklangan): whichever.
6. Daraja: however + sifat.

Misol: “Qayerga borsangiz ham, menga xabar bering.”

1. Joy + farqi yo‘q → Wherever.

Misol: “Qanchalik qiyin bo‘lmasin, men taslim bo‘lmayman.”

1. Daraja → However + sifat (difficult).

Misol: “Nima demoqchi ekaningizni tushunmayapman.”

1. ...gan narsa → what.

Predlog bilan

• I’ll give it to whoever needs it.Kimga kerak bo‘lsa, beraman.
• You can talk to whomever you like.Istagan kishingiz bilan gaplashishingiz mumkin. (rasmiy)
• I’m interested in whatever you have to say.Aytadigan har qanday gapingizga qiziqaman.

whomever — juda rasmiy; so‘zlashuvda whoever ishlatiladi.

Javob sifatida: Whatever!

Whatever! so‘zlashuvda “menga baribir” degan beparvo, ba’zan qo‘pol ma’no beradi. Rasmiy suhbatda ishlatmang.

• — Do you want pizza or pasta? — Whatever.— Pitsa xohlaysizmi yoki pasta? — Farqi yo‘q. (beparvo)
• — Which film? — Whichever you prefer.— Qaysi film? — Qaysi birini afzal ko‘rsangiz. (muloyim)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: what = ...gan narsa. -ever = farqi yo‘q, istalgan. However + sifat + ega + fe’l. No matter + what / how / where.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ota-onaning maslahati

“Whatever you decide to study, I’ll support you. Wherever you live, remember your family. Whoever you marry, treat them with respect. However difficult life becomes, never give up. And whenever you need help, call me. What matters most is that you are happy.”

Rasmiy shartnoma parchasi

The company has introduced a new policy whereby employees can work from home two days a week. Staff may choose whichever days suit them best. An employee may be unable to attend a meeting, in which case they must inform their manager. The trial period will last six months, during which feedback will be collected.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. ___ you need, just ask me. (nima bo‘lsa ham) → Whatever
2. ___ arrives first should open the door. (kim bo‘lsa ham) → Whoever
3. ___ tired he is, he always helps. (qanchalik) → However
4. You can call me ___ you want. (qachon bo‘lsa ham) → whenever
5. Nima bo‘lmasin, men sizning yoningizdaman. → No matter what happens, I’m with you.
6. Menga kerak narsa — biroz vaqt. → What I need is some time.
7. Qaysi birini tanlasangiz ham, u sizniki. → Whichever you choose, it’s yours.
8. Xatoni toping: However I try hard, I can’t remember. → However hard I try, I can’t remember.

Qisqa xulosa

• what = ...gan narsa: What you need is sleep.
• whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever — istalgan / farqi yo‘q.
• Ikki vazifa: ot o‘rnida (I’ll eat whatever you cook) va qat’iy nazar (Whatever you cook, I’ll eat it).
• However + sifat + ega + fe’l: However rich he is...
• No matter + what / how / where / who.
• Rasmiy: whereby, in which case, at which point, by which time, during which.
• Whatever! — so‘zlashuvda beparvo, rasmiy suhbatda ishlatmang.