Advanced Passive

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Oddiy majhul nisbat “ish qilindi” deydi: The house was built. Murakkab majhul nisbat esa “aytishlaricha, ... deb hisoblanadi, ma’lum qilinishicha” kabi ma’noni beradi.

• He is rich.U boy. (fakt — men aytyapman)
• It is said that he is rich.Uni boy deyishadi. (boshqalar aytadi)
• He is said to be rich.U boy deb hisoblanadi. (xuddi shu ma’no)

Gazeta, yangiliklar, ilmiy maqolalar va rasmiy hisobotlar bu tuzilmani juda ko‘p ishlatadi. Nima uchun? Chunki u shaxsiy fikr bildirmasdan xabar berishga imkon beradi. Ma’lumot manbasi noaniq qoladi va muallif javobgarlikni o‘ziga olmaydi.

O‘zbekchada bu deyishadi, deb hisoblanadi, ma’lum qilinishicha, taxmin qilinishicha, xabar qilinishicha iboralari bilan aytiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. It is said that ... — umumiy fikr va xabar.
2. He is said to ... — ega bilan tuzilma.
3. Zamonlar: to be va to have been.
4. Infinitiv va -ing bilan majhul shakl.
5. Ikki to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar.
6. need + -ing, there is said to be va eng ko‘p xatolar.

1-tuzilma: It is said that ...

It + majhul fe’l + that + gap. Bu eng oddiy va ko‘p ishlatiladigan shakl.

• It is said that he is very rich.Uni juda boy deyishadi.
• It is believed that the city is 2,700 years old.Shahar 2700 yoshda deb hisoblanadi.
• It is thought that the painting was stolen in 1990.Rasm 1990-yilda o‘g‘irlangan deb taxmin qilinadi.
• It is reported that three people were injured.Uch kishi jarohatlangani xabar qilinmoqda.
• It is expected that prices will rise.Narxlar oshishi kutilmoqda.
• It is known that smoking is harmful.Chekish zararli ekani ma’lum.

2-tuzilma: He is said to ...

Ega + majhul fe’l + to + fe’l. Bu shakl qisqaroq va rasmiyroq.

• He is said to be very rich.U juda boy deb hisoblanadi.
• She is thought to be the best doctor in the city.U shahardagi eng yaxshi shifokor deb hisoblanadi.
• The painting is believed to be 300 years old.Rasm 300 yillik deb hisoblanadi.
• Prices are expected to rise.Narxlar oshishi kutilmoqda.
• He is known to be a good teacher.U yaxshi o‘qituvchi ekani ma’lum.

Ikki tuzilmani solishtiring

Bu tuzilma bilan ishlatiladigan fe’llar

• It is estimated that 5 million people visited.5 million kishi tashrif buyurgani taxmin qilinmoqda.
• The painting is thought to be 300 years old.Rasm 300 yillik deb hisoblanadi.
• He is known to have lived in Bukhara.U Buxoroda yashagani ma’lum.
• Navoi is considered one of the greatest poets.Navoiy eng buyuk shoirlardan biri hisoblanadi.

Qaysi zamon bilan?

Ikkita vaqt bor: fikr qachon aytilmoqda va voqea qachon bo‘lgan. Ularni to‘g‘ri birlashtirish kerak.

• The thieves are believed to have escaped through the window.O‘g‘rilar derazadan qochib ketgan deb taxmin qilinmoqda.
• The president is reported to have arrived in Tashkent.Prezident Toshkentga yetib kelgani xabar qilinmoqda.
• She is thought to be living in London now.U hozir Londonda yashayotgan deb hisoblanadi.
• The temple was believed to have been built in the 10th century.Ibodatxona X asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanar edi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

People say that he is rich gapini ikki yo‘l bilan o‘zgartiramiz.

1-yo‘l: It bilan boshlanadi.

1. It + majhul fe’l: It is said.
2. that + qolgan gap: that he is rich.

2-yo‘l: Ega boshga chiqadi.

1. Ega: He.
2. Majhul fe’l: is said.
3. to + fe’l: to be rich.

People believe that the castle was built in 1500.

1. 1-yo‘l: It is believed that the castle was built in 1500.
2. 2-yo‘l: Voqea (qurilish) fikrdan oldin → to have been built.

Experts expect that the price will fall.

1. 1-yo‘l: It is expected that the price will fall.
2. 2-yo‘l: Kelajak → to + fe’l: The price is expected to fall.

there bilan

there is / there are gaplarini ham shu tuzilmaga aylantirish mumkin:

• There is said to be gold in these hills.Bu tepaliklarda oltin bor deyishadi.
• There are believed to be more than 100 people inside.Ichkarida 100 dan ortiq odam bor deb taxmin qilinmoqda.

Infinitiv va -ing bilan majhul shakl

Majhul nisbat to + fe’l va -ing shaklida ham bo‘ladi:

• I want to be told the truth.Menga haqiqat aytilishini xohlayman.
• He hates being asked about money.U puli haqida so‘ralishni yoqtirmaydi.
• Nobody likes being criticised.Hech kim tanqid qilinishni yoqtirmaydi.
• She was happy to be invited.U taklif qilinganidan xursand edi.
• I don’t remember being told about this.Bu haqda aytilganini eslay olmayman.

need + -ing

need + -ing — majhul ma’no beradi: “...ish kerak”.

• The room needs cleaning.Xonani tozalash kerak. (= needs to be cleaned)
• My car needs repairing.Mashinamni ta’mirlash kerak.
• Your hair needs cutting.Sochingizni oldirish kerak.

Ikki to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar

give, send, show, tell, offer, teach, lend kabi fe’llarda ikkita to‘ldiruvchi bor: odam va narsa. Majhul nisbatda ikkalasidan biri ega bo‘lishi mumkin.

• I was given a gift.Menga sovg‘a berildi.
• A gift was given to me.Menga sovg‘a berildi.
• She was offered a job in Dubai.Unga Dubayda ish taklif qilindi.
• We were shown the new office.Bizga yangi ofis ko‘rsatildi.
• They were told the news.Ularga yangilik aytildi.

Odam ega bo‘lgan shakl tabiiyroq va ko‘proq ishlatiladi.

explain, describe, suggest, say fe’llarida odam ega bo‘la olmaydi: I was explained the rule — xato. To‘g‘ri: The rule was explained to me.

Majhul nisbat qachon kerak emas?

Yaxshi yozuvda majhul nisbat faqat ish bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lmaganda yoki noma’lum bo‘lganda ishlatiladi. Boshqa holatda faol nisbat aniqroq va kuchliroq.

• The decision was made by the manager.Qaror menejer tomonidan qabul qilindi. (og‘ir)
• The manager made the decision.Menejer qaror qabul qildi. (aniq, yaxshiroq)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: It is said that + gap yoki Ega + is said to + fe’l. O‘tgan voqea — to have + V3.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Yangiliklar

A rare painting is believed to have been found in an old house in Samarkand. It is thought that the painting was hidden there more than 100 years ago. The artist is said to have been a famous master of the 19th century. The painting is estimated to be worth over one million dollars. It is expected that it will be shown in the national museum next year.

Sayyohlik qo‘llanmasi

• — Is this mosque very old?— Bu masjid juda qadimiymi?
• — Yes. It is believed to have been built in the 12th century.— Ha. U XII asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanadi.
• — And who built it?— Kim qurgan?
• — It is said that a rich merchant paid for it.— Uni bir boy savdogar qurdirgan deyishadi.
• — Is it still used?— Hali ham foydalaniladimi?
• — Yes, it is known to be one of the most visited places in the city.— Ha, u shahardagi eng ko‘p tashrif buyuriladigan joylardan biri ekani ma’lum.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. People say that the restaurant is excellent. → The restaurant is said to be excellent.
2. People believe that he left the country. → He is believed to have left the country.
3. They think the meeting will be cancelled. → It is thought that the meeting will be cancelled.
4. Experts expect prices to rise. → Prices are expected to rise.
5. Bu tepaliklarda oltin bor deyishadi. → There is said to be gold in these hills.
6. Menga yangi ish taklif qilindi. → I was offered a new job.
7. Mashinamni yuvish kerak. → My car needs washing.
8. Xatoni toping: I was explained the problem. → The problem was explained to me.

Qisqa xulosa

• It is said / believed / thought that + gap.
• Ega + is said / believed / thought + to + fe’l.
• Bir vaqtda — to be / to + fe’l; oldinroq — to have been / to have + V3.
• There is said to be ... — ... bor deyishadi.
• Infinitiv va -ing: to be told, being asked.
• need + -ing = majhul ma’no: The room needs cleaning.
• Ikki to‘ldiruvchi: I was given a gift (odam ega — tabiiyroq).
• explain, describe, suggest — odam ega bo‘la olmaydi.
• Rasmiy, ilmiy va yangilik matnlarida ko‘p uchraydi.