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Oddiy qilib aytganda

So‘z tartibi — faqat grammatika emas, balki diqqatni boshqarish vositasi. Ingliz tilida gapning oxiri — eng kuchli joy: yangi va muhim ma’lumot odatda shu yerga qo‘yiladi. Ma’lum (eski) ma’lumot esa gap boshida keladi.

• I bought a car. The car was red.Mashina oldim. Mashina qizil edi.

Birinchi gapda a car — yangi ma’lumot (oxirida). Ikkinchi gapda the car — endi ma’lum ma’lumot (boshida), red — yangi (oxirida).

Bu “avval eski, keyin yangi” (given → new) qoidasi matnni tekis va ravon qiladi — o‘quvchi fikrni oson kuzatadi.

O‘zbek tilida so‘z tartibi ancha erkin: urg‘u uchun so‘zlarni joyini almashtirish oson. Ingliz tilida tartib qat’iyroq, shuning uchun urg‘u berish uchun maxsus usullar kerak: fronting, inversiya, cleft gaplar.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. “Eski — yangi” qoidasi va gaplarni bog‘lash.
2. Fronting — urg‘u uchun gap qismini boshga chiqarish.
3. Og‘ir qism oxirga: It is important to...
4. Ikki to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar va olmoshlar.
5. Ravishlar tartibi va o‘rni.
6. only, also, even ning joyi va bilvosita savollar.

“Eski — yangi” qoidasi

Gapni oldingi gap oxiridagi ma’lumot bilan boshlang — shunda matn zanjir kabi bog‘lanadi.

• We visited Khiva. Khiva has an ancient wall.Xivaga bordik. Xivaning qadimiy devori bor.
• The wall was built in the 10th century. It is over 2 km long.Devor X asrda qurilgan. Uning uzunligi 2 km dan ortiq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Ikki gapni tabiiy bog‘lash:

1. Oldingi gap oxirini toping: I bought a car.
2. Yangi gapni shu bilan boshlang: The car / It was red.
3. Yangi ma’lumot — oxirga: It cost ten thousand dollars.

• Many students study English. This is because English is a global language.Ko‘p talabalar ingliz tilini o‘rganadi. Bunga sabab — ingliz tili global til.

Fronting — boshga chiqarish

Fronting — odatda gap oxirida keladigan qismni urg‘u uchun boshga chiqarish. Bu ko‘proq adabiy, ta’sirli yoki so‘zlashuv uslubi.

• That film I really enjoyed.Aynan o‘sha film menga juda yoqdi.
• This I don’t understand.Mana buni tushunmayman.
• What he said I’ll never forget.Uning aytganlarini hech qachon unutmayman.

Joy iboralari boshda

Joy iborasi boshga chiqsa, ko‘pincha ega va fe’l o‘rin almashadi (inversiya):

• On the table stood a vase.Stol ustida guldon turardi.
• In the corner sat an old man.Burchakda bir chol o‘tirardi.
• Into the room walked the director.Xonaga direktor kirib keldi.

as / though bilan

Sifat / ravish + as / though + ega + fe’l — “...bo‘lsa ham” ma’nosida, juda rasmiy va adabiy:

• Strange as it may seem, I agree.G‘alati tuyulsa ham, roziman.
• Tired though he was, he kept working.Charchagan bo‘lsa ham, ishlashda davom etdi.
• Hard as she tried, she couldn’t open the door.Qancha urinsa ham, u eshikni ocha olmadi.
• Much as I like him, I can’t trust him.Uni qanchalik yoqtirsam ham, unga ishona olmayman.

Og‘ir qism oxirga (end weight)

Inglizlar uzun, og‘ir ma’lumotni gapning oxiriga suradi. Ega juda uzun bo‘lsa, it bilan boshlanadi va uzun qism oxirga o‘tadi.

• It is important to read every day.Har kuni o‘qish muhim. (To read... emas)
• It surprised me that she left.Uning ketgani meni hayron qoldirdi.
• It is clear that we need more time.Bizga ko‘proq vaqt kerakligi aniq.
• It’s a pity that you can’t come.Kela olmasligingiz afsus.
• It doesn’t matter what you think.Siz nima deb o‘ylashingizning ahamiyati yo‘q.

Uzun to‘ldiruvchi oxirga

• I found it difficult to understand the lecture.Ma’ruzani tushunish menga qiyin bo‘ldi.
• She made it clear that she wasn’t interested.U qiziqmasligini aniq qilib qo‘ydi.

Ikki to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar

give, send, show, tell, offer, lend, buy — ikkita to‘ldiruvchi (odam va narsa) bilan keladi.

Qaysi tartibni tanlash — “eski — yangi” qoidasiga bog‘liq: yangi, muhim ma’lumot — oxirga.

• I gave him the book.Unga kitobni berdim. (yangi — kitob)
• I gave the book to Ali, not to Vali.Kitobni Valiga emas, Aliga berdim. (yangi — Ali)
• I gave it to him.Uni unga berdim. (narsa olmosh — to bilan)

Ikkala to‘ldiruvchi olmosh bo‘lsa — narsa + to + odam: I gave it to him (I gave him it — kam ishlatiladi).

Ravishlar tartibi

Bir nechta ravish gap oxirida bo‘lsa, odatda shu tartibda:

• He worked hard in the office all day.U kun bo‘yi ofisda qattiq ishladi.
• We arrived safely at the hotel at midnight.Yarim tunda mehmonxonaga eson-omon yetib keldik.

Ravishning uch joyi

• Fortunately, nobody was hurt.Baxtimizga, hech kim jarohatlanmadi. (boshida — fikr)
• She often goes to the gym.U tez-tez sport zaliga boradi. (o‘rtada — takror)
• He drives carefully.U ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydaydi. (oxirida — tarz)

Ravish fe’l va to‘ldiruvchi orasiga tushmaydi: She speaks English well (speaks well English — xato).

only, also, even — joyi ma’noni o‘zgartiradi

only, even, just, also — yonidagi so‘zga ta’sir qiladi. Ularning joyi ma’noni o‘zgartiradi.

• Only she eats fruit.Faqat u meva yeydi. (boshqalar yemaydi)
• She only eats fruit.U faqat meva yeydi. (boshqa narsa yemaydi)
• She eats only fruit.U faqat mevani yeydi.
• Only I saw him.Uni faqat men ko‘rdim.
• I saw only him.Men faqat uni ko‘rdim.
• Even my father agreed.Hatto otam ham rozi bo‘ldi.
• My father even cooked dinner.Otam hatto kechki ovqat ham pishirdi.

So‘zning joyi ma’noni o‘zgartiradi, shuning uchun only ni tegishli so‘zning yoniga qo‘ying.

also, too, as well

• I also think so.Men ham shunday deb o‘ylayman. (also — fe’ldan oldin)
• I think so too.Men ham shunday deb o‘ylayman. (too — oxirida)
• I think so as well.(as well — oxirida)

Bilvosita savollar

Boshqa gap ichidagi savolda oddiy gap tartibi (ega + fe’l) ishlatiladi — do / does / did yo‘q.

• Do you know where she lives?U qayerda yashashini bilasizmi?
• I wonder what time it is.Soat necha bo‘ldi ekan.
• Could you tell me how much it costs?Narxi qancha ekanini ayta olasizmi?
• I don’t know why he left.Nega ketganini bilmayman.

Frazali fe’llar va olmosh

Ajraladigan frazali fe’llarda olmosh — o‘rtada, uzun ot — oxirida:

• Pick it up.Uni ko‘tarib oling.
• Pick up all the books on the floor.Poldagi barcha kitoblarni ko‘tarib oling.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: ma’lum ma’lumot — oldin, yangi ma’lumot — keyin. Og‘ir qism — oxirga. only — tegishli so‘z yonida.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Tabiiy matn (eski — yangi)

Last year I visited Samarkand. Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. Its most famous monument is the Registan. The Registan consists of three madrasahs. These buildings were constructed between the 15th and 17th centuries. What impressed me most was the blue tilework. It is hard to describe how beautiful it looks in the evening light.

Har bir gap oldingi gap oxiridagi ma’lumot bilan boshlanishiga e’tibor bering.

Adabiy parcha (fronting)

Old and tired as he was, my grandfather still worked in the garden every day. On the wall hung a photo of his parents. That photo he never let anyone touch. Much as we asked him about the past, he rarely talked about it.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Tabiiy qiling: To find a good job is difficult. → It is difficult to find a good job.
2. Tartibni to‘g‘rilang: I gave to her the flowers. → I gave her the flowers. / I gave the flowers to her.
3. Ravish tartibi: (last night / at home / quietly) She worked ___. → She worked quietly at home last night.
4. Ma’no farqi: Only I love you va I love only you → Faqat men sizni sevaman / Men faqat sizni sevaman
5. Bilvosita savol: Where is the station? → Could you tell me where the station is?
6. Fronting: Although it may seem strange, I agree. → Strange as it may seem, I agree.
7. Gaplarni bog‘lang: I met a man. The man was a doctor. → I met a man. He was a doctor.
8. Xatoni toping: She plays very well the piano. → She plays the piano very well.

Qisqa xulosa

• Ma’lum ma’lumot — oldin, yangi ma’lumot — keyin (given → new).
• Gapni oldingi gap oxiridagi ma’lumot bilan boshlang.
• Fronting — urg‘u uchun boshga chiqarish: That film I really enjoyed.
• Sifat + as / though + ega + fe’l: Strange as it may seem...
• Og‘ir qism — oxirga: It is important to read every day.
• Ikki to‘ldiruvchi: give him the book / give it to him.
• Ravishlar: qanday → qayerda → qachon.
• only, even — tegishli so‘z yonida; ma’no joyga bog‘liq.
• Bilvosita savolda — oddiy tartib.