Ellipsis and Substitution

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Tabiiy nutqda biz hammasini takrorlamaymiz. “Choy ichasizmi?” — “Ichaman” deymiz, “Men choy ichaman” emas. Ingliz tilida ham shunday: takrorlash o‘quvchini zeriktiradi va nutqni sun’iy qiladi.

• — Do you like coffee? — Yes, I like coffee.(sun’iy, takror)
• — Do you like coffee? — Yes, I do.— Qahvani yoqtirasizmi? — Ha. (tabiiy)

Takrorlashdan qochishning ikki usuli bor:

1. Almashtirish (substitution) — so‘z o‘rniga qisqa so‘z qo‘yiladi: one, do, so, not.
2. Tushirish (ellipsis) — so‘zlar umuman olib tashlanadi, ma’no kontekstdan tushuniladi.

Bu usullar C1 darajasidagi ravon va tabiiy nutqning belgisi. Ular ham so‘zlashuvda, ham yozuvda keng ishlatiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Otni almashtirish: one / ones.
2. Fe’lni almashtirish: do / does / did, do so.
3. Butun fikrni almashtirish: so / not.
4. Tushirish: yordamchi fe’l qoladi, to qoladi.
5. Bog‘lovchidan keyin va so‘zlashuvda tushirish.
6. Rasmiy matnda: the former, the latter va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Almashtirish (substitution)

one / ones — otni almashtirish

Sanaladigan ot takrorlanmasligi uchun: birlikda — one, ko‘plikda — ones.

• These shoes are old. I need new ones.Bu tuflilar eski. Menga yangilari kerak.
• I lost my pen, so I bought a new one.Ruchkamni yo‘qotdim, yangisini oldim.
• Which dress do you prefer — the red one or the blue one?Qaysi ko‘ylakni afzal ko‘rasiz — qizilinimi yoki ko‘kinimi?
• I don’t like these apples. I prefer the green ones.Bu olmalar yoqmaydi. Yashillarini afzal ko‘raman.

Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan one ishlatilmaydi: I prefer red wine to white (white one emas). Egalik bilan ham: my car and his (his one emas).

do / does / did — fe’lni almashtirish

Fe’l iborasi takrorlanmasligi uchun do ishlatiladi.

• She runs faster than I do.U mendan tezroq yuguradi.
• I love Uzbek food, and so does my husband.Men o‘zbek taomini yaxshi ko‘raman, erim ham.
• He said he would finish, and he did.U tugatishini aytdi va tugatdi.
• — Who broke the window? — Ali did.— Derazani kim sindirdi? — Ali.

do so — rasmiyroq

• He was asked to leave, and he did so immediately.Undan ketishni so‘rashdi va u darhol shunday qildi.
• If you want to apply, please do so before Friday.Ariza topshirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, buni jumadan oldin qiling.

so / not — butun fikrni almashtirish

Fikr fe’llaridan keyin (think, hope, believe, suppose, expect, be afraid, guess) butun gap o‘rniga:

• bo‘lishli javob — so;
• inkor javob — not (yoki don’t ... so).

• “Is she coming?” “I think so.”“U keladimi?” “Menimcha, ha.”
• “Will it rain?” “I hope not.”“Yomg‘ir yog‘adimi?” “Umid qilamanki, yo‘q.”
• “Is he right?” “I believe so.”“U haqmi?” “Shunday deb o‘ylayman.”
• “Did we lose?” “I’m afraid so.”“Yutqazdikmi?” “Afsuski, ha.”
• “Will you be late?” “I don’t think so.”“Kechikasizmi?” “Menimcha, yo‘q.”

hope va be afraid bilan inkor — faqat not: I hope not, I’m afraid not (I don’t hope so — xato).

Yana ko‘p uchraydigan shakllar

• I suppose so. / I suppose not.Shunday bo‘lsa kerak. / Yo‘q bo‘lsa kerak.
• He said he’d help, and so he did.U yordam berishini aytdi va rostdan ham yordam berdi.
• If so, we’ll leave.Agar shunday bo‘lsa, ketamiz.
• If not, we’ll stay.Agar yo‘q bo‘lsa, qolamiz.

Tushirish (ellipsis)

Yordamchi fe’l qoladi

Qisqa javob va qo‘shimchalarda asosiy fe’l tushadi, yordamchi qoladi.

• She can swim, and I can too.U suza oladi, men ham.
• — Have you finished? — Yes, I have.— Tugatdingizmi? — Ha.
• — Will you come? — I might.— Kelasizmi? — Balki.
• I haven’t seen the film, but my sister has.Men filmni ko‘rmaganman, lekin singlim ko‘rgan.
• He isn’t ready, but I am.U tayyor emas, lekin men tayyorman.

to qoladi

to + fe’ldan keyin, fe’l tushadi, lekin to qoladi.

• Do you want to go? — I’d love to.Borishni xohlaysizmi? — Juda xohlardim.
• I didn’t want to, but I had to.Xohlamagandim, lekin majbur edim.
• “Are you coming?” “I’d like to.”“Kelasizmi?” “Kelishni xohlardim.”
• Sorry, I didn’t mean to.Kechirasiz, atayin qilmadim.
• You can stay if you want to.Xohlasangiz, qolishingiz mumkin.

I’d like (to siz) yoki I’d love — xato bu holatlarda. to qolishi shart.

Qisqa javoblar

• “Have you finished?” “Not yet.”“Tugatdingizmi?” “Hali yo‘q.”
• “Who wants tea?” “Me!”“Kim choy xohlaydi?” “Men!”
• “Where are you going?” “To the bank.”“Qayerga ketyapsiz?” “Bankka.”

Bog‘lovchidan keyin

and, but, or dan keyin ikkinchi gapda ega va yordamchi tushishi mumkin — agar ular birinchisi bilan bir xil bo‘lsa.

• She came in and (she) sat down.U kirib, o‘tirdi.
• I can read but (I) can’t write.O‘qiy olaman, ammo yoza olmayman.
• He has been to Paris and (he has) visited the Louvre.U Parijda bo‘lgan va Luvrga borgan.
• We could stay at home or (we could) go out.Uyda qolishimiz yoki chiqishimiz mumkin.

Taqqoslashda

• She works harder than I.U mendan ko‘proq ishlaydi. (rasmiy)
• She works harder than I do.U mendan ko‘proq ishlaydi. (neytral)
• She works harder than me.U mendan ko‘proq ishlaydi. (so‘zlashuv)

So‘zlashuvda gap boshi tushadi

Norasmiy so‘zlashuvda gap boshi (ega va yordamchi) ko‘pincha tushadi:

• (Are you) Coming?Kelyapsanmi?
• (I) Don’t know.Bilmayman.
• (Have you) Seen Ali?Alini ko‘rdingmi?
• (Do you) Want some tea?Choy xohlaysizmi?
• (It) Sounds good!Yaxshi eshitilyapti!
• (I’ll) See you later.Keyinroq ko‘rishamiz.

Bu faqat og‘zaki, norasmiy uslub. Yozuvda — to‘liq gap.

Rasmiy matnda: the former, the latter

Rasmiy yozuvda ikki narsani takrorlamaslik uchun:

• the former — birinchisi (oldin aytilgan);
• the latter — ikkinchisi (keyin aytilgan).

• Tashkent and Samarkand are both beautiful, but the latter is older.Toshkent ham, Samarqand ham chiroyli, lekin ikkinchisi qadimiyroq.
• Students can choose between English and French. The former is more popular.Talabalar ingliz va fransuz tillari orasidan tanlashlari mumkin. Birinchisi ommaboproq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Takrorni topib, uni qisqartiring:

1. Takrorlangan otmi? → one / ones: I lost my pen, so I bought a new one.
2. Takrorlangan fe’l qismimi? → do / does / did: He sings better than I do.
3. Butun fikrmi? → so / not: Is it true? I think so.
4. Yordamchi yetadimi? Qolganini tushiring: Can you swim? Yes, I can.
5. to + fe’lmi? Fe’lni tushiring, to qoldiring: I’d love to.

Misol

— Are you going to the party? — I want to go to the party, but I can’t go to the party.

1. to go to the party → to.
2. go to the party (ikkinchi) → tushadi, yordamchi can’t qoladi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: ot — one / ones, fe’l — do / does / did, fikr — so / not. Fe’l tushsa, yordamchi va to qoladi.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stlar suhbati

• — Are you coming to the concert tonight?— Bugun kechqurun konsertga borasanmi?
• — I’d love to, but I can’t. I have to work.— Juda xohlardim, lekin borolmayman. Ishlashim kerak.
• — Oh no! Is Bobur coming?— Voy! Bobur boradimi?
• — I think so. He bought two tickets.— Menimcha, ha. U ikkita chipta oldi.
• — Two? Is he taking his girlfriend?— Ikkita? Qiz do‘stini olib boradimi?
• — I hope so! He’s been talking about her all week.— Umid qilaman! U butun hafta u haqida gapirdi.

Do‘konda

• — Can I help you?— Yordam bera olamanmi?
• — Yes, I’m looking for a jacket. This one is too small.— Ha, kurtka qidiryapman. Bunisi juda kichik.
• — Would you like to try a bigger one?— Kattarog‘ini kiyib ko‘rmoqchimisiz?
• — Yes, please. Do you have any black ones?— Ha, iltimos. Qoralari bormi?
• — I’m afraid not. Only brown ones.— Afsuski, yo‘q. Faqat jigarranglari bor.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. — Is it going to rain? — I hope ___. → not
2. — Will she pass? — I think ___. → so
3. My phone is broken. I need a new ___. → one
4. — Do you want to come? — I’d love ___. → to
5. U mendan yaxshiroq kuylaydi. → She sings better than I do.
6. — Kechikamizmi? — Menimcha, yo‘q. → — Will we be late? — I don’t think so.
7. Men suza olmayman, lekin akam suza oladi. → I can’t swim, but my brother can.
8. Xatoni toping: — Is he here? — I don’t hope so. → — I hope not.

Qisqa xulosa

• Almashtirish: ot — one / ones, fe’l — do / does / did / do so, fikr — so / not.
• think / believe / suppose so — bo‘lishli; I don’t think so — inkor.
• hope / be afraid bilan inkor — faqat not: I hope not.
• Tushirish: asosiy fe’l tushadi, yordamchi qoladi: Yes, I can.
• to qoladi: I’d love to. I had to.
• Bog‘lovchidan keyin ega va yordamchi tushishi mumkin.
• So‘zlashuvda gap boshi tushadi: (Are you) Coming?
• Rasmiy matnda: the former (birinchisi), the latter (ikkinchisi).