Adjectives
Sifatlar
Bu darsda
- Oddiy qilib aytganda
- 1. Sifat o‘zgarmaydi
- 2. Sifatning joyi
- Bir nechta sifat ketma-ketligi
- Kuchaytirish: very, really, too, so, quite
- -ed va -ing sifatlar
- one va ones
- Sifat qanday tanib olinadi?
- Qarama-qarshi sifatlar
- Bosqichma-bosqich
- Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
- Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
- O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Qisqa xulosa
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Sifat otga “rang beradi”. “Mashina” desangiz, odam oddiy, rangsiz mashinani tasavvur qiladi. “Katta qizil yangi mashina” desangiz, ko‘z oldida aniq rasm paydo bo‘ladi. Sifat — qanday? savoliga javob beradigan so‘z: katta, chiroyli, yangi, mazali, qiziqarli.
Ingliz tilidagi sifatlarning ajoyib tomoni bor: ular hech qachon o‘zgarmaydi. Ko‘plikda ham, erkak yoki ayol uchun ham, qaysi gapda bo‘lmasin — bir xil.
- a good studentyaxshi talaba
- good studentsyaxshi talabalar (goods emas!)
- a beautiful womanchiroyli ayol
- a beautiful citychiroyli shahar
O‘zbek tilida ham sifat odatda o‘zgarmaydi va otdan oldin keladi: katta uy — a big house. Bu yerda ikki til o‘xshash, bu juda qulay. Farq faqat ba’zi tafsilotlarda — ularni shu darsda ko‘rib chiqamiz.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Sifatning gapdagi ikki joyi: otdan oldin va fe’ldan keyin.
- Holat fe’llari: look, feel, taste, smell, sound.
- Bir nechta sifatning tartibi.
- very, really, too, so, quite bilan kuchaytirish.
- -ed va -ing bilan tugaydigan sifatlar: bored va boring.
- one / ones, sifat yasovchi qo‘shimchalar va eng ko‘p xatolar.
1. Sifat o‘zgarmaydi
| Holat | Misol |
|---|---|
| Birlik | a tall man |
| Ko‘plik | tall men |
| Erkak | a kind father |
| Ayol | a kind mother |
| Narsa | a kind letter |
Talls men, goods students, news books — xato. Sifat doim bir xil shaklda qoladi.
2. Sifatning joyi
Sifat gapda ikki asosiy joyda turadi.
Otdan oldin
Tartib: artikl / egalik so‘zi + sifat + ot.
- a new phoneyangi telefon
- an old houseeski uy
- my little sisterkichik singlim
- this interesting bookbu qiziqarli kitob
- cold watersovuq suv
Diqqat: sifat tufayli a / an o‘zgarishi mumkin, chunki artikl keyingi birinchi so‘zga qaraydi: an apple, lekin a red apple; a house, lekin an old house.
to be dan keyin
Bu holatda sifat otdan keyin keladi, o‘rtada am / is / are.
- My phone is new.Telefonim yangi.
- The weather is beautiful today.Bugun havo ajoyib.
- These shoes are expensive.Bu tuflilar qimmat.
- I am hungry.Qornim och.
O‘zbekchada “Telefonim yangi” — fe’lsiz. Inglizchada is albatta kerak: My phone is new.
Holat fe’llaridan keyin
Ba’zi fe’llar to be ga o‘xshab ishlaydi — ulardan keyin sifat keladi (ravish emas).
| Fe’l | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| look | ko‘rinmoq | You look tired. — Charchagan ko‘rinasiz. |
| feel | his qilmoq | I feel happy. — O‘zimni baxtli his qilyapman. |
| taste | ta’mi ... | The soup tastes good. — Sho‘rva mazali. |
| smell | hidi ... | The flowers smell nice. — Gullarning hidi yoqimli. |
| sound | eshitilmoq | That sounds great! — Zo‘r eshitilyapti! |
| seem | tuyulmoq | She seems angry. — U jahldor ko‘rinadi. |
| become / get | bo‘lmoq | It’s getting cold. — Havo sovib boryapti. |
- She looks happy.U xursand ko‘rinadi.
- I feel sick.Ko‘nglim aynayapti.
- This milk smells bad.Bu sutning hidi yomon.
- Your idea sounds interesting.Fikringiz qiziq eshitilyapti.
She looks happily — xato. Holat fe’lidan keyin sifat: She looks happy.
Bir nechta sifat ketma-ketligi
Otdan oldin bir nechta sifat kelsa, ular ma’lum tartibda turadi. Inglizlar bu tartibni o‘ylamasdan ishlatishadi, chunki noto‘g‘ri tartib g‘alati eshitiladi.
| Tartib | Turi | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fikr, baho | beautiful, nice, delicious, boring |
| 2 | O‘lcham | big, small, long, tall |
| 3 | Yosh | old, new, young |
| 4 | Shakl | round, square, flat |
| 5 | Rang | red, blue, black |
| 6 | Kelib chiqish | Uzbek, Chinese, Italian |
| 7 | Material | wooden, silk, cotton, metal |
| 8 | Maqsad | sleeping (bag), running (shoes) |
- a lovely little catyoqimli kichkina mushuk
- a big old wooden housekatta eski yog‘och uy
- beautiful long black hairchiroyli uzun qora soch
- a nice Italian restaurantyaxshi italyan restorani
- a small round tablekichik dumaloq stol
Amaliy maslahat: kundalik nutqda odatda ikki-uch sifatdan ko‘p ishlatilmaydi. Eng muhim qoidani eslab qoling: fikr birinchi, rang va material otga yaqin.
Ikkita sifat to be dan keyin kelsa, ular and bilan bog‘lanadi: The house is big and old.
Kuchaytirish: very, really, too, so, quite
Sifat oldiga ravish qo‘yib, ma’nosini kuchaytirish yoki yumshatish mumkin.
| So‘z | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| very | juda | It is very hot. |
| really | haqiqatan, rosa | This film is really good. |
| so | shunchalik | You are so kind! |
| quite | ancha, anchagina | The test was quite easy. |
| a bit / a little | biroz | I’m a bit tired. |
| too | haddan tashqari (salbiy) | This coffee is too hot. |
| not very | unchalik emas | It’s not very far. |
- It is very hot.Juda issiq.
- This film is really good.Bu film haqiqatan yaxshi.
- The test was quite difficult.Test ancha qiyin edi.
- I’m a bit tired.Biroz charchadim.
very va too farqi
Bu muhim farq. Very — shunchaki “juda”, too — “haddan tashqari, shuning uchun muammo bor”.
- This bag is very expensive, but I’ll buy it.Bu sumka juda qimmat, lekin olaman.
- This bag is too expensive. I can’t buy it.Bu sumka haddan tashqari qimmat. Ololmayman.
- The tea is very hot.Choy juda issiq.
- The tea is too hot to drink.Choy ichib bo‘lmaydigan darajada issiq.
-ed va -ing sifatlar
Ko‘p fe’llardan ikki xil sifat yasaladi. Ularni chalkashtirish juda keng tarqalgan xato.
| -ed (his-tuyg‘u) | -ing (sabab) |
|---|---|
| bored — zerikkan | boring — zerikarli |
| interested — qiziqqan | interesting — qiziqarli |
| tired — charchagan | tiring — charchatadigan |
| excited — hayajonlangan | exciting — hayajonli |
| surprised — hayron | surprising — hayratlanarli |
| confused — chalkashgan | confusing — chalkash |
- I’m bored. This lesson is boring.Zerikdim. Bu dars zerikarli.
- She is interested in history. History is interesting.U tarixga qiziqadi. Tarix qiziqarli.
- I was tired after the tiring journey.Charchatadigan safardan keyin charchadim.
I am boring — “Men zerikarli odamman” degani! Agar zerikkan bo‘lsangiz: I am bored.
one va ones
Ot ma’lum bo‘lsa, sifatni yolg‘iz qoldirib bo‘lmaydi — uning o‘rniga one (birlik) yoki ones (ko‘plik) qo‘shiladi.
- I don’t want the blue shirt. I want the red one.Ko‘k ko‘ylakni emas, qizilini xohlayman.
- Which phone is yours? — The black one.Qaysi telefon sizniki? — Qorasi.
- These shoes are old. I need new ones.Bu tuflilar eski. Menga yangilari kerak.
I want the red — xato. Sifat ot o‘rnida yolg‘iz turolmaydi.
Sifat qanday tanib olinadi?
Ko‘p sifatlar ma’lum qo‘shimchalar bilan tugaydi. Bu yangi so‘zni tanishga yordam beradi.
-ful va -less — qarama-qarshi: careful (ehtiyotkor) — careless (beparvo), useful (foydali) — useless (foydasiz).
Qarama-qarshi sifatlar
Sifatlarni juftlab yodlash eng samarali usul.
| Sifat | Qarama-qarshisi | Sifat | Qarama-qarshisi |
|---|---|---|---|
| big | small | hot | cold |
| old | new / young | long | short |
| fast | slow | easy | difficult |
| cheap | expensive | clean | dirty |
| rich | poor | happy | sad |
| strong | weak | full | empty |
| heavy | light | early | late |
old ning ikki qarama-qarshisi bor: odam uchun young (yosh), narsa uchun new (yangi).
Bosqichma-bosqich
Misol: “Mening katta qora mushugim bor.”
- Ot: mushuk → cat.
- Sifatlar: katta (o‘lcham), qora (rang). Tartib: o‘lcham → rang.
- Artikl: birlik, birinchi so‘z “big” → a.
Misol: “Bu ovqat juda mazali ko‘rinadi.”
- Holat fe’li: ko‘rinadi → looks.
- Kuchaytirish + sifat: juda mazali → really delicious.
Misol: “Film zerikarli edi, shuning uchun men zerikdim.”
- Film (sabab) → boring.
- Men (his-tuyg‘u) → bored.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ goods students
✓ good students
Sifat -s olmaydi.
✗ a car red
✓ a red car
Sifat otdan oldin keladi.
✗ She beautiful.
✓ She is beautiful.
to be tushib qolmaydi.
✗ I am boring. (zerikdim ma’nosida)
✓ I am bored.
His-tuyg‘u — -ed.
✗ I want the red.
✓ I want the red one.
Sifat yolg‘iz turolmaydi.
✗ She looks happily.
✓ She looks happy.
Holat fe’lidan keyin sifat.
✗ a red big car
✓ a big red car
O‘lcham rangdan oldin.
✗ It’s too nice! (maqtov)
✓ It’s very nice! / It’s so nice!
too — salbiy ma’no.
✗ an big house
✓ a big house
Artikl sifatga qaraydi.
✗ The soup tastes well.
✓ The soup tastes good.
taste dan keyin sifat.
Eslab qoling: sifat o‘zgarmaydi va otdan oldin yoki to be / look / feel dan keyin turadi.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Odamni tasvirlash
- — What does your new teacher look like?— Yangi o‘qituvchingiz qanday ko‘rinishda?
- — She is tall and slim. She has long dark hair.— U baland bo‘yli va ozg‘in. Sochi uzun va qora.
- — Is she nice?— U yaxshimi?
- — Yes, she’s very kind and her lessons are really interesting.— Ha, juda mehribon va darslari rosa qiziqarli.
Shaharni tasvirlash
Bukhara is a beautiful old city. It has narrow streets and ancient buildings. The people are friendly and the food is delicious. In summer it’s very hot and dry, but in spring the weather is perfect. It’s quite small, so you can walk everywhere. It’s a wonderful place for tourists.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Bu kitob juda qiziqarli. → This book is very interesting.
- Men bu kitobga qiziqaman. → I am interested in this book.
- U (qiz) charchagan ko‘rinadi. → She looks tired.
- Katta oq uy. → a big white house
- Bu kofe haddan tashqari issiq. → This coffee is too hot.
- Qora telefonni emas, oqini xohlayman. → I don’t want the black phone. I want the white one.
- Xatoni toping: They are goods friends. → They are good friends.
- Xatoni toping: The cake smells nicely. → The cake smells nice.
Qisqa xulosa
- Sifat o‘zgarmaydi: birlik, ko‘plik, erkak, ayol — bir xil.
- Joyi: otdan oldin (a big house) yoki to be dan keyin (The house is big).
- look, feel, taste, smell, sound dan keyin ham sifat: You look tired.
- Tartib: fikr → o‘lcham → yosh → rang → kelib chiqish → material + ot.
- very — juda, too — haddan tashqari (muammo bor).
- -ed — odam his qiladi (bored), -ing — narsa sabab bo‘ladi (boring).
- Yolg‘iz qolsa one / ones qo‘shiladi: the red one.