Discourse Markers

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Nutqni bog‘lovchi iboralar (discourse markers) — yo‘l belgilari kabi. Avtomobil haydovchisiga “Burilish!” belgisi yordam bergani kabi, bu iboralar o‘quvchi yoki tinglovchiga yo‘l ko‘rsatadi:

• However — “diqqat, fikr o‘zgaradi”;
• In addition — “yana bor”;
• For instance — “mana misol”;
• In conclusion — “tugayapti”.

• The plan is cheap. However, it’s risky.Reja arzon. Biroq u xavfli. (fikr o‘zgaradi)
• The hotel is clean. In addition, it’s close to the centre.Mehmonxona toza. Bundan tashqari, markazga yaqin. (qo‘shimcha)

Ular matnning mazmunini emas, tuzilishini ko‘rsatadi. Ularsiz matn yaxshi fikrlarning tartibsiz to‘plamiga aylanadi. Ular bilan esa — mantiqiy, oqimli va tushunarli matn.

B2 darajasida bog‘lovchi so‘zlar (linking words) va ularning grammatikasini o‘rgandik. Endi C1 darajasida — nozik farqlar, rasmiy va so‘zlashuv uslublari va og‘zaki nutqdagi belgilar.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Vazifalar bo‘yicha bog‘lovchilar: tartib, qo‘shish, qarshi qo‘yish, natija.
2. Rasmiy va so‘zlashuv variantlari.
3. Nozik farqlar: actually / in fact, finally / at last / in the end.
4. on the other hand va on the contrary.
5. Og‘zaki nutqdagi belgilar: well, anyway, I mean.
6. Insho tuzilishi va tinish belgilari.

Vazifalar bo‘yicha

Tartib

• Firstly, we need to define the problem.Birinchidan, muammoni aniqlashimiz kerak.
• Subsequently, the company changed its name.Keyinchalik kompaniya nomini o‘zgartirdi. (rasmiy)
• Finally, add the salt.Va nihoyat, tuz qo‘shing.

Qo‘shish

• The flat is cheap. Furthermore, it’s in a quiet area.Kvartira arzon. Bundan tashqari, tinch hududda.
• What’s more, the staff were really friendly.Bundan tashqari, xodimlar juda samimiy edi. (so‘zlashuv)

Qarshi qo‘yish va tan olish

• Admittedly, the plan has some risks. Nevertheless, it’s our best option.Tan olish kerakki, rejada ba’zi xavflar bor. Shunga qaramay, bu eng yaxshi variantimiz.
• Granted, it’s expensive, but it’s worth it.To‘g‘ri, qimmat, lekin arziydi.
• Northern regions are cold. Conversely, the south is very hot.Shimoliy hududlar sovuq. Aksincha, janub juda issiq.

Admittedly / Granted — avval qarshi fikrni tan olish, keyin o‘z fikrini kuchliroq aytish. Bu munozarali insholarda juda foydali.

Aniqlash va misol

• He’s very economical — in other words, he’s mean.U juda tejamkor — boshqacha aytganda, xasis.
• Two cities, namely Samarkand and Bukhara, attract most tourists.Ikkita shahar, aynan Samarqand va Buxoro, eng ko‘p sayyoh jalb qiladi.

namely — aniq ro‘yxat uchun (“aynan, ya’ni”), for instance — bitta misol uchun.

Mavzuni o‘zgartirish

• As for the budget, we’ll discuss it tomorrow.Byudjetga kelsak, buni ertaga muhokama qilamiz.
• With regard to your letter, I can confirm...Xatingizga kelsak, tasdiqlashim mumkinki...
• By the way, have you seen Ali?Aytgancha, Alini ko‘rdingizmi? (so‘zlashuv)

Nozik farqlar

actually va in fact

• — Are you a student? — No, I’m actually a teacher.— Talabamisiz? — Yo‘q, aslida men o‘qituvchiman. (kutilganidan farqli)
• The test was hard. In fact, nobody passed.Test qiyin edi. Hatto hech kim o‘tmadi. (kuchaytirish)

actually — o‘zbekchadagi “aslida”. Lekin inglizcha actually — “hozir” emas! Hozir — currently / at the moment.

finally, at last, in the end

• Finally, I’d like to thank my parents.Va nihoyat, ota-onamga rahmat aytmoqchiman. (ro‘yxat oxiri)
• At last, the bus arrived!Nihoyat, avtobus keldi! (uzoq kutishdan keyin)
• We argued for hours. In the end, we agreed.Soatlab bahslashdik. Oxir-oqibat kelishdik. (natija)

on the other hand va on the contrary

Bu ikkisi juda ko‘p chalkashtiriladi.

• The plan is cheap. On the other hand, it’s risky.Reja arzon. Boshqa tomondan, xavfli. (ikki tomon)
• “Was it boring?” “On the contrary, I loved it.”“Zerikarli edimi?” “Aksincha, juda yoqdi.” (rad etish)

• on the other hand — ikkala fikr ham to‘g‘ri, ikki tomonni ko‘rsatadi;
• on the contrary — avvalgi fikr noto‘g‘ri, aksi to‘g‘ri.

on the other hand ko‘pincha on the one hand bilan juft keladi: On the one hand, it’s cheap. On the other hand, it’s risky.

Boshqa foydali iboralar

• As far as I know, she’s away.Bilishimcha, u yo‘q.
• To be honest, I’m not sure.Rostini aytsam, ishonchim komil emas.
• As a matter of fact, I’ve been there.Aslida, men u yerda bo‘lganman.
• After all, he’s only a child.Axir u hali bola.
• Even so, I still think you’re wrong.Shunday bo‘lsa ham, baribir sizni noto‘g‘ri deb o‘ylayman.

Og‘zaki nutqdagi belgilar

So‘zlashuvda bog‘lovchilar boshqacha — ular o‘ylashga vaqt beradi, mavzuni boshlaydi yoki qaytaradi, ohang beradi.

• Well, I’m not sure.Xo‘sh, bilmadim. (o‘ylash)
• So, what happened?Xo‘sh, nima bo‘ldi? (mavzuni boshlash)
• Anyway, let’s go on.Har qalay, davom etaylik. (mavzuga qaytish)
• Right, let’s start.Yaxshi, boshlaymiz.
• You know, it was hard.Bilasizmi, qiyin edi.
• I mean, it’s not bad.Aytmoqchimanki, yomon emas.
• Mind you, it was cheap.To‘g‘ri, arzon edi. (qo‘shimcha izoh)
• Basically, we need more money.Qisqasi, bizga ko‘proq pul kerak.

Bu so‘zlar rasmiy yozuvda ishlatilmaydi.

Bosqichma-bosqich: insho tuzilishi

Inshoni shu tartibda bog‘lang:

1. Kirish: Nowadays..., It is often said that...
2. Birinchi fikr: Firstly..., To begin with...
3. Qo‘shimcha: Furthermore..., In addition...
4. Misol: For example..., For instance...
5. Qarshi fikr: However..., On the other hand...
6. Tan olish: Admittedly..., Granted...
7. Xulosa: In conclusion..., Overall...

Misol: qisqa insho rejasi

Tinish belgilari

Rasmiy bog‘lovchilardan keyin vergul qo‘yiladi:

• However, the results were disappointing.Biroq natijalar umidsizlantirdi.
• In addition, we need more staff.Bundan tashqari, bizga ko‘proq xodim kerak.
• The results were good; however, costs were high.Natijalar yaxshi edi; biroq xarajatlar yuqori edi.

Ikki gapni however bilan bog‘lashda — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul (vergul emas!).

Ortiqcha ishlatmang

Har gapga moreover yoki furthermore qo‘yish sun’iy va og‘ir eshitiladi. Odatda har bir xatboshiga 1–2 ta bog‘lovchi yetarli. Ba’zan oddiy and, but, also yaxshiroq.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: on the other hand — ikki tomon, on the contrary — aksincha. actually — aslida (hozir emas). at last — uzoq kutishdan keyin, finally — ro‘yxat oxiri.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS Speaking javobi

“Well, that’s an interesting question. To be honest, I’ve never really thought about it. I mean, I do use social media every day, but... Actually, I think it has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it helps us stay in touch with friends. On the other hand, people spend too much time on their phones. Anyway, overall I’d say it’s more positive than negative.”

Rasmiy hisobot parchasi

The survey produced several interesting findings. Firstly, most participants preferred online shopping. Furthermore, younger respondents were more likely to use mobile apps. However, older participants expressed concerns about security. Admittedly, the sample size was small. Nevertheless, the results suggest a clear trend. In conclusion, businesses should invest more in digital services.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. The film was long. ___, it was very interesting. (qarshi qo‘yish, rasmiy) → However / Nevertheless
2. “Is it expensive?” “___, it’s very cheap!” (rad etish) → On the contrary
3. We waited for three hours. ___, the doctor arrived! → At last
4. ___, I’d like to thank everyone for coming. (ro‘yxat oxiri) → Finally
5. Tan olish kerakki, bu qiyin. Shunga qaramay, biz uddalaymiz. → Admittedly, it’s difficult. Nevertheless, we can do it.
6. Boshqacha aytganda, bizga ko‘proq vaqt kerak. → In other words, we need more time.
7. Byudjetga kelsak, buni keyinroq muhokama qilamiz. → As for the budget, we’ll discuss it later.
8. Xatoni toping: In the other hand, it is very expensive. → On the other hand, it is very expensive.

Qisqa xulosa

• Bog‘lovchilar matnni tartibga soladi va o‘quvchiga yo‘l ko‘rsatadi.
• Vazifalar: tartib, qo‘shish, qarshi qo‘yish, natija, misol, aniqlash, xulosa, tan olish.
• Rasmiy (Furthermore, Nevertheless) va so‘zlashuv (Plus, Still, Anyway) farqlanadi.
• on the other hand — ikki tomon, on the contrary — aksincha.
• actually — aslida; in fact — kuchaytirish.
• at last — kutishdan keyin; finally — ro‘yxat oxiri; in the end — natijada.
• Og‘zaki: well, so, anyway, I mean, you know, basically.
• Rasmiy bog‘lovchidan keyin — vergul; me’yorida ishlating.