May, Might, Could

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bu modal fe’llar “qanchalik ishonchingiz komil?” degan savolga javob beradi. Biz ko‘pincha biror narsani aniq bilmaymiz, lekin taxmin qilamiz: “U uyda bo‘lsa kerak”, “Balki yomg‘ir yog‘ar”, “Bu rost bo‘lishi mumkin emas”.

Ularni termometr deb tasavvur qiling:

O‘zbekchada bu ma’nolar -sa kerak, balki, bo‘lishi mumkin, bo‘lishi mumkin emas iboralari bilan aytiladi:

• He must be at home.U uyda bo‘lsa kerak. (ishonchim komil)
• He may be at home.U uyda bo‘lishi mumkin. (yarim-yarim)
• He might be at home.Balki u uydadir. (unchalik ishonmayman)
• He can’t be at home.U uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. (aksiga ishonaman)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. must, may, might, could, can’t — taxmin ma’nosida.
2. Dalilga asoslanib xulosa chiqarish.
3. Inkor: may not, might not va can’t.
4. Hozir davom etayotgan ish haqida taxmin: must be + -ing.
5. Kelajak ehtimoli: may, might, could.
6. O‘tmish haqida taxmin: must have + V3 va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Tuzilishi

Barcha modal fe’llar bir xil qoidaga bo‘ysunadi:

• hamma shaxsda bir xil (-s yo‘q);
• undan keyin to qo‘yilmaydi;
• keyingi fe’l asosiy shaklda.

Har bir fe’l batafsil

must — deyarli aniq “ha”

Kuchli dalil bor, shuning uchun ishonchimiz komil. “...bo‘lsa kerak, aniq shunday”.

• You got the job? You must be happy!Ishga kirdingizmi? Xursand bo‘lsangiz kerak!
• The lights are on. They must be at home.Chiroqlar yoniq. Ular uyda bo‘lsa kerak.
• She’s been working all day. She must be tired.U kun bo‘yi ishladi. Charchagan bo‘lsa kerak.
• That must be the postman.Bu pochtachi bo‘lsa kerak.

may — mumkin (50%)

Taxminan yarim-yarim ehtimol.

• He may be at the office.U ofisda bo‘lishi mumkin.
• It may rain this afternoon.Tushdan keyin yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin.
• This may be the answer.Bu javob bo‘lishi mumkin.

might — balki (kamroq ishonch)

may dan biroz kuchsizroq. “Balki”, “ehtimol”.

• I might go to the cinema tonight.Balki bugun kechqurun kinoga borarman.
• She might be angry with me.Balki u mendan xafadir.
• Take an umbrella. It might rain.Soyabon oling. Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolishi mumkin.

Kundalik nutqda may va might ko‘pincha bir xil ma’noda ishlatiladi. might so‘zlashuvda ko‘proq uchraydi.

could — bo‘lishi mumkin

Ehtimollikni bildiradi, may / might ga yaqin.

• That could be him.Bu u bo‘lishi mumkin.
• It could be true.Bu rost bo‘lishi mumkin.
• The keys could be in the car.Kalitlar mashinada bo‘lishi mumkin.

Diqqat: taxmin ma’nosida could — hozir yoki kelajak haqida (o‘tmish emas!).

can’t — deyarli aniq “yo‘q”

Kuchli dalil aksini ko‘rsatadi. “...bo‘lishi mumkin emas”.

• This can’t be right.Bu to‘g‘ri bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
• She can’t be 40. She looks 25.U 40 yoshda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. 25 ko‘rinadi.
• He can’t be hungry. He’s just eaten.Uning qorni och bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Hozirgina ovqatlandi.
• You can’t be serious!Jiddiy gapirayotgan bo‘lishingiz mumkin emas! / Hazillashyapsiz!

Muhim tuzoq: must ning inkori

Taxmin ma’nosida must ning inkori — can’t, mustn’t emas! Chunki mustn’t — “taqiqlangan” degani.

She mustn’t be at home — xato (taxmin ma’nosida).

Bo‘lishsiz shakl: may not, might not

may not va might not — “...masligi mumkin”, ya’ni inkor ehtimol.

• It may not be easy.Bu oson bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
• She might not agree.U rozi bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
• He may not know the answer.U javobni bilmasligi mumkin.
• I might not come tomorrow.Ertaga kelmasligim mumkin.

may not / might not (ehtimol yo‘q) va can’t (aniq yo‘q) farqi:

• He might not be at home.U uyda bo‘lmasligi mumkin. (bilmayman)
• He can’t be at home.U uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. (ishonchim komil)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Xulosa chiqarish uchun avval dalilni o‘ylang.

1. Dalil kuchlimi? Chirog‘i yoniq, mashinasi turibdi → must be.
2. Dalil yo‘qmi, shunchaki taxminmi? → may be / might be / could be.
3. Dalil aksini ko‘rsatadimi? → can’t be.

• She’s wearing a ring. She must be married.Uzuk taqib olgan. Turmush qurgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• I’m not sure. She might be married.Bilmayman. Balki turmush qurgandir.
• She’s only ten. She can’t be married.U atigi o‘n yoshda. Turmush qurgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.

Misol: “Telefon jiringlayapti. Bu onam bo‘lsa kerak.”

1. Dalil: onam har kuni shu paytda qo‘ng‘iroq qiladi → kuchli.
2. must be.

Misol: “Balki u ertaga kelar.”

1. Ehtimol, ishonch kam → might.
2. Fe’l: come.

Hozir davom etayotgan bo‘lsa

Hozir davom etayotgan ish haqida taxmin qilish uchun: modal + be + -ing.

• He must be sleeping.U uxlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• They may be working.Ular ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• She might be cooking dinner.Balki u kechki ovqat pishirayotgandir.
• You can’t be telling the truth!Rost gapirayotgan bo‘lishingiz mumkin emas!

• — Why isn’t Ali answering his phone?— Ali nega telefoniga javob bermayapti?
• — He might be driving.— Balki mashina haydayotgandir.

Kelajak ehtimoli

may, might, could kelajakdagi ehtimolni ham bildiradi.

• It may snow tomorrow.Ertaga qor yog‘ishi mumkin.
• I might go to the party.Bazmga borarman balki.
• We could have problems later.Keyinroq muammolarimiz bo‘lishi mumkin.
• Prices may go up next year.Kelasi yil narxlar oshishi mumkin.

will — aniq kelajak, may / might — ehtimoliy kelajak:

• I will be late.Kechikaman. (aniq)
• I might be late.Kechikishim mumkin. (balki)

O‘tmish haqida taxmin

O‘tmishdagi voqea haqida taxmin uchun: modal + have + V3. Bu mavzuni B2 darajasida batafsil o‘rganamiz.

• He must have forgotten.U unutgan bo‘lsa kerak.
• She might have missed the bus.Balki u avtobusdan qolgandir.
• They can’t have finished already.Ular allaqachon tugatgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.

Muqobil so‘zlar

Modal fe’llar o‘rniga ravishlar ham ishlatilishi mumkin:

• Maybe he will come.Balki u kelar.
• Perhaps she is right.Ehtimol, u haqdir.
• He will probably call later.U keyinroq qo‘ng‘iroq qilsa kerak.

maybe (bitta so‘z) — ravish, “balki”. may be (ikki so‘z) — modal + fe’l: It may be true.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: must — deyarli aniq ha, may / might / could — ehtimol, can’t — deyarli aniq yo‘q. Taxminda mustn’t ishlatilmaydi.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Kim kelyapti?

• — Someone’s at the door. Who could it be?— Eshik oldida kimdir bor. Kim bo‘lishi mumkin?
• — It might be the neighbour.— Balki qo‘shnidir.
• — At midnight? It can’t be the neighbour.— Yarim tunda? Qo‘shni bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
• — Then it must be your brother. He said he would come late.— Unda akang bo‘lsa kerak. Kech kelishini aytgan edi.

Yo‘qolgan kalitlar

I can’t find my keys. They might be in my bag, but I’ve already looked there. They could be in the car. Wait — I drove home, so they must be somewhere in the house. They can’t be at work because I didn’t go to work today. Maybe my son took them. He may be using them right now!

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. She’s been running for an hour. She ___ be tired. (aniq) → must
2. I’m not sure where he is. He ___ be at the gym. (ehtimol) → might / may / could
3. That ___ be Ali — he’s in London now! (aniq yo‘q) → can’t
4. It ___ rain later, so take an umbrella. → might / may
5. U ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak. → He must be working.
6. Bu rost bo‘lishi mumkin emas. → This can’t be true.
7. Balki men ertaga kelmasman. → I might not come tomorrow.
8. Xatoni toping: He mustn’t be at home — his car isn’t here. → He can’t be at home.

Qisqa xulosa

• must — deyarli aniq “ha”: He must be tired.
• may (50%), might, could — ehtimol: It might rain.
• can’t — deyarli aniq “yo‘q”: It can’t be true.
• Taxminda must ning inkori — can’t, mustn’t emas.
• may not / might not — ...masligi mumkin.
• Hozirgi jarayon: must be + -ing: He must be sleeping.
• Kelajak ehtimoli: may / might / could.
• O‘tmish: must have + V3 (B2 darajasida).