Reported Speech

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Do‘stingiz kecha sizga: “Charchadim” dedi. Bugun buni boshqa odamga aytib beryapsiz. Vaqt o‘tdi, shuning uchun inglizchada gap ham “orqaga” suriladi:

• “I am tired.”“Charchadim.” (do‘stingizning o‘z so‘zi)
• She said she was tired.U charchaganini aytdi. (siz aytib beryapsiz)

Buni kechagi rasmni ko‘rsatish deb tasavvur qiling: gapning hammasi o‘tmishga ko‘chadi. Do‘stingiz “men” degan edi — siz “u” deysiz. U “hozir” degan edi — siz “o‘shanda” deysiz. U am degan edi — siz was deysiz.

O‘zbekchada bunday zamon surilishi yo‘q: “U charchaganini aytdi” — shunchaki -gan shakli qo‘shiladi. Shuning uchun bu qoida avvaliga qiyin tuyuladi, lekin u mexanik: har bir zamon bir pog‘ona orqaga suriladi.

To‘g‘ri gap (direct speech) — odamning so‘zini aynan keltirish, qo‘shtirnoq ichida. Ko‘chirma gap (reported speech) — uning so‘zini o‘z so‘zingiz bilan aytib berish.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Zamonlar qanday orqaga suriladi.
2. Olmoshlar va egalik so‘zlari qanday o‘zgaradi.
3. Vaqt va joy so‘zlarining o‘zgarishi.
4. say va tell farqi.
5. Zamon qachon surilmaydi.
6. Boshqa fe’llar: explain, promise, admit va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Zamonlar orqaga suriladi

Asosiy fe’l (said, told) o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lsa, ko‘chirma gapdagi zamon bir pog‘ona orqaga suriladi.

• “I am tired.” → She said she was tired.“Charchadim.” → U charchaganini aytdi.
• “I live in Tashkent.” → He said he lived in Tashkent.“Toshkentda yashayman.” → U Toshkentda yashashini aytdi.
• “I am watching TV.” → She said she was watching TV.“Televizor ko‘ryapman.” → U televizor ko‘rayotganini aytdi.
• “I will help.” → He said he would help.“Yordam beraman.” → U yordam berishini aytdi.
• “I saw him.” → She told me she had seen him.“Uni ko‘rdim.” → U menga uni ko‘rganini aytdi.
• “I have finished.” → He said he had finished.“Tugatdim.” → U tugatganini aytdi.
• “I can swim.” → She said she could swim.“Suza olaman.” → U suza olishini aytdi.
• “You must wait.” → He said I had to wait.“Kutishingiz kerak.” → U kutishim kerakligini aytdi.

Past Perfect — eng oxirgi pog‘ona, u o‘zgarmaydi: “I had left.” → She said she had left.

Olmoshlar ham o‘zgaradi

Olmoshlar kim gapirayotganiga va kimga aytilayotganiga qarab mantiqan o‘zgaradi.

• “I love my job.” → She said she loved her job.I → she, my → her
• “We will call you.” → They said they would call me.gap menga aytilgan
• “I’ll meet you at my house.” → He said he would meet me at his house.I → he, my → his

Oson usul: o‘zingizni o‘sha odamning o‘rnida emas, chetdan kuzatuvchi sifatida tasavvur qiling va olmoshlarni shunga qarab tanlang.

Vaqt va joy so‘zlari ham o‘zgaradi

Gap boshqa vaqtda va boshqa joyda aytib berilyapti, shuning uchun vaqt va joy so‘zlari ham o‘zgaradi.

• “I’m busy today.” → She said she was busy that day.“Bugun bandman.” → U o‘sha kuni band ekanini aytdi.
• “I’ll come tomorrow.” → He said he would come the next day.“Ertaga kelaman.” → U ertasi kuni kelishini aytdi.
• “I saw her yesterday.” → He said he had seen her the day before.“Uni kecha ko‘rdim.” → U uni bir kun oldin ko‘rganini aytdi.
• “I like this place.” → She said she liked that place.“Bu joy menga yoqadi.” → U o‘sha joy yoqishini aytdi.

Muhim: bu so‘zlar mexanik o‘zgarmaydi — mantiqqa qarang. Agar siz gapni o‘sha kuni aytib bersangiz, today o‘zgarmaydi: She said this morning that she is busy today.

say va tell farqi

Bu juda ko‘p chalkashtiriladigan juftlik.

• He said that he was busy.U band ekanini aytdi.
• He told me that he was busy.U menga band ekanini aytdi.
• She told us a funny story.U bizga kulgili voqea aytib berdi.
• Don’t tell anyone!Hech kimga aytmang!

He said me — xato. He told that — xato. tell dan keyin doim odam kerak.

that ixtiyoriy

So‘zlashuvda that ko‘pincha tushib qoladi. Rasmiy yozuvda esa ko‘proq ishlatiladi.

• He said (that) he was busy.U band ekanini aytdi.
• She told me (that) she loved me.U meni sevishini aytdi.

Qachon zamon surilmaydi?

1. Asosiy fe’l hozirgi zamonda bo‘lsa

Agar says, tells, has said ishlatilsa (hozirgi zamon), zamon o‘zgarmaydi.

• He says he is busy.U band ekanini aytyapti.
• She has told me she will come.U kelishini aytdi (va bu hali ham to‘g‘ri).
• The teacher says the exam is on Monday.O‘qituvchi imtihon dushanba kuni ekanini aytyapti.

2. Hali ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lgan faktlar

Agar gap hali ham haqiqat bo‘lsa, zamon o‘zgarmasligi mumkin.

• He said the Earth is round.U Yer yumaloq ekanini aytdi. (doimiy haqiqat)
• She said she lives in Tashkent.U Toshkentda yashashini aytdi. (hali ham yashaydi)

Ikkala variant ham to‘g‘ri: She said she lived in Tashkent ham xato emas.

3. could, would, should, might o‘zgarmaydi

• “I could help.” → He said he could help.o‘zgarmaydi
• “You should rest.” → She said I should rest.o‘zgarmaydi
• “I might be late.” → He said he might be late.o‘zgarmaydi

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “I am working today,” Ali said.

1. Kirish: Ali said (that).
2. Olmoshni o‘zgartiring: I → he.
3. Zamonni orqaga suring: am working → was working.
4. Vaqtni o‘zgartiring: today → that day.

Misol: “We will visit you next week,” they told me.

1. Kirish: They told me (that).
2. Olmoshlar: we → they, you → me.
3. Zamon: will → would.
4. Vaqt: next week → the following week.

Misol: “I lost my phone yesterday,” Madina said.

1. Kirish: Madina said (that).
2. Olmoshlar: I → she, my → her.
3. Zamon: lost (Past Simple) → had lost (Past Perfect).
4. Vaqt: yesterday → the day before.

Ma’noni aniqroq beruvchi fe’llar

said — eng umumiy fe’l. Lekin ma’noni aniqroq berish uchun boshqa fe’llar ham ishlatiladi:

• He explained that the bus was late.U avtobus kechikkanini tushuntirdi.
• She promised that she would come.U kelishga va’da berdi.
• He admitted that he had made a mistake.U xato qilganini tan oldi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Diqqat: gap hali ham to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, zamon o‘zgarmasligi mumkin: He said the Earth is round.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Telefon xabarini yetkazish

• — Did anyone call while I was out?— Men yo‘qligimda kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qildimi?
• — Yes, your boss. He said he needed the report.— Ha, boshlig‘ingiz. U hisobot kerakligini aytdi.
• — Did he say when?— Qachon kerakligini aytdimi?
• — He told me you had to send it the next day.— U menga ertasi kuni yuborishingiz kerakligini aytdi.
• — Anything else?— Yana biror narsa?
• — He said he would call again at five.— Soat beshda yana qo‘ng‘iroq qilishini aytdi.

Suhbatni aytib berish

Yesterday I met my old friend Kamola. She told me that she had moved to Samarkand. She said she was working as a teacher and that she loved her job. She explained that her husband had found a job there too. She said they were going to buy a house soon. Before she left, she promised that she would visit me the next month.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. “I am happy.” → She said she ___ happy. → was
2. “I will call you.” → He said he ___ call me. → would
3. “I have lost my keys.” → She said she ___ her keys. → had lost
4. “I can’t come.” → He said he ___ come. → couldn’t
5. U menga charchaganini aytdi. → He told me (that) he was tired.
6. U ertasi kuni kelishini aytdi. → She said she would come the next day.
7. “I live here,” Ali says. → Ali ___ he lives here. → says (zamon o‘zgarmaydi)
8. Xatoni toping: She said me that she was busy. → She told me that she was busy.

Qisqa xulosa

• Zamon bir pog‘ona orqaga suriladi: am → was, will → would, saw → had seen.
• Olmoshlar mantiqqa qarab o‘zgaradi: I → he / she, my → his / her.
• Vaqt va joy: today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, here → there.
• say + gap; tell + odam + gap.
• that — ixtiyoriy.
• Asosiy fe’l hozirgi zamonda bo‘lsa (says) — zamon o‘zgarmaydi.
• Hali ham to‘g‘ri faktlar, could, would, should, might — o‘zgarmasligi mumkin.
• Aniqroq fe’llar: explain, promise, admit, complain, agree.