Imperatives

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Buyruq gap — kimgadir nima qilishni aytish. Bu ingliz tilidagi eng oson tuzilma: fe’lni olasiz va ishlatasiz. Ega yo‘q, chunki siz doim “sizga” (you) gapiryapsiz va bu tushunarli.

O‘zbekchada: “O‘tir!”, “Yoz!”, “Kel!”, “O‘tiring!”. Inglizchada: Sit! Write! Come! Fe’lga hech narsa qo‘shilmaydi.

Buyruq qo‘pol degani emas. Bu shakl kundalik hayotda juda ko‘p uchraydi:

• ko‘rsatma va qo‘llanmalarda: Press the button.
• retseptlarda: Add salt and mix well.
• yo‘l ko‘rsatishda: Turn left at the bank.
• maslahat va ogohlantirishda: Be careful!
• tilak bildirishda: Have a nice day!

• Listen to me.Menga quloq soling.
• Turn left at the bank.Bank oldida chapga buriling.
• Don’t worry.Xavotir olmang.
• Please be quiet.Iltimos, jim bo‘ling.
• Let’s start.Boshlaylik.
• Don’t be late.Kechikmang.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Bo‘lishli va inkor buyruq gaplar.
2. be bilan buyruq: Be quiet! Don’t be afraid!
3. Buyruqni muloyim qilish usullari.
4. Let’s — birgalikdagi taklif va uning inkori.
5. Buyruq gaplar hayotda qayerlarda uchraydi.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Bo‘lishli buyruq

Fe’lning asosiy shakli (lug‘atdagi shakli) bilan boshlanadi. Bitta odamga ham, ko‘p odamga ham bir xil.

• Sit down.O‘tiring.
• Come here.Bu yerga keling.
• Wait a minute.Bir daqiqa kuting.
• Open your books.Kitoblaringizni oching.
• Look at the board.Doskaga qarang.
• Call me tomorrow.Ertaga menga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
• Help!Yordam bering!

O‘zbekchada “sen” va “siz” uchun boshqa-boshqa shakl bor: o‘tir va o‘tiring. Inglizchada esa bitta: Sit. Hurmat ohang va please orqali bildiriladi.

Inkor buyruq: Don’t

Biror ishni qilmaslikni aytish uchun fe’ldan oldin Don’t (do not) qo‘yiladi. O‘zbekchadagi -ma qo‘shimchasiga to‘g‘ri keladi: kelma, qo‘rqma, unutmang.

• Don’t touch it!Unga tegmang!
• Don’t forget your keys.Kalitlaringizni unutmang.
• Don’t worry, everything will be OK.Xavotir olmang, hammasi yaxshi bo‘ladi.
• Don’t speak so loudly.Bunchalik baland gapirmang.
• Don’t eat too much sugar.Juda ko‘p shakar yemang.

Yozma ogohlantirishlar va rasmiy belgilarda to‘liq shakl Do not ishlatiladi:

• Do not enter.Kirish mumkin emas.
• Do not smoke.Chekmang.
• Do not park here.Bu yerda mashina qo‘ymang.

Belgilarda No + -ing ham uchraydi: No smoking. No parking. No entry.

Never — hech qachon

Kuchli taqiq yoki maslahat uchun Never ishlatiladi:

• Never give your password to anyone.Parolingizni hech kimga hech qachon bermang.
• Never drive after drinking.Ichgandan keyin hech qachon mashina haydamang.

to be bilan buyruq

Sifat yoki ot bilan buyruq berishda be fe’li kerak. O‘zbekchada “bo‘l” so‘ziga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• Be quiet!Jim bo‘ling!
• Be careful!Ehtiyot bo‘ling!
• Be on time.O‘z vaqtida keling.
• Be nice to your sister.Singlingga yaxshi muomala qil.
• Don’t be afraid.Qo‘rqmang.
• Don’t be late.Kechikmang.
• Don’t be sad.Xafa bo‘lmang.
• Don’t be silly!Bema’ni gapirma!

Not be late yoki Don’t late — xato. Sifat bilan doim Be / Don’t be.

Buyruqni muloyim qilish

Inglizlar muloyimlikka juda katta e’tibor berishadi. Oddiy buyruq ba’zan qattiq eshitilishi mumkin. Uni yumshatishning bir necha usuli bor.

1. Please qo‘shish

Please gapning boshida yoki oxirida keladi:

• Please sit down.Iltimos, o‘tiring.
• Sit down, please.O‘tiring, iltimos.
• Please don’t smoke here.Iltimos, bu yerda chekmang.

2. Savol shakliga aylantirish

Eng muloyim usul — buyruqni savolga aylantirish:

• Could you close the door, please?Eshikni yopib bera olasizmi?
• Can you pass me the salt?Tuzni uzatib yuborasizmi?
• Would you sign here, please?Shu yerga imzo qo‘yib bersangiz.

Do‘kon, restoran, ish joyi va notanish odamlar bilan savol shaklidagi iltimos ishlatish yaxshi.

3. Do bilan kuchaytirish

Buyruq oldiga Do qo‘shilsa, u iltifot yoki qat’iy taklif ma’nosini beradi:

• Do sit down!O‘tiring, marhamat! (iltifot bilan)
• Do come in!Kiring, marhamat!
• Do be careful!Iltimos, juda ehtiyot bo‘ling!

Let’s — keling, ...aylik

Let’s (let us) — o‘zingizni ham qo‘shib taklif qilish. O‘zbekchadagi -aylik, -aylik-chi shakliga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• Let’s go!Ketdik! / Ketaylik!
• Let’s have lunch.Keling, tushlik qilaylik.
• Let’s watch a film tonight.Bugun kechqurun film ko‘raylik.
• Let’s take a taxi.Taksi olaylik.
• Let’s not argue.Keling, bahslashmaylik.
• Let’s not tell him yet.Unga hozircha aytmaylik.

Taklifga javob:

• — Let’s go to the park. — Yes, let’s! / Good idea!— Bog‘ga boraylik. — Ha, boraylik! / Yaxshi fikr!
• — Let’s stay at home. — No, let’s not.— Uyda qolaylik. — Yo‘q, qolmaylik.

Let’s dan keyin to qo‘yilmaydi: Let’s to go — xato.

Let me — “menga ruxsat bering, men qilay”:

• Let me help you.Sizga yordam beray.
• Let me think.O‘ylab ko‘ray.
• Let me see.Qani, ko‘raylik-chi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Maqsadingizga qarab tanlang.

1. Biror ishni qilsin: fe’l → Open the window.
2. Qilmasin: Don’t + fe’l → Don’t open the window.
3. Holat (sifat): Be / Don’t be → Be careful. Don’t be late.
4. Muloyim bo‘lsin: please qo‘shing yoki savolga aylantiring → Could you open the window, please?
5. Birga qilaylik: Let’s + fe’l → Let’s open the window.

Misol: “Iltimos, telefoningizni o‘chiring.”

1. Harakat: o‘chirmoq → turn off.
2. Muloyimlik: please.

Misol: “Qo‘rqma!”

1. Holat: qo‘rqqan → afraid (sifat).
2. Inkor + sifat → Don’t be.

Misol: “Keling, bugun uyda qolaylik.”

1. Birgalikda taklif → Let’s.
2. Fe’l: stay at home + today.

Hayotda qayerda uchraydi?

Yo‘l ko‘rsatish

• Go straight on.To‘g‘ri yuring.
• Turn left at the traffic lights.Svetoforda chapga buriling.
• Take the second street on the right.O‘ngdagi ikkinchi ko‘chaga buriling.
• Cross the road and walk for five minutes.Yo‘lni kesib o‘ting va besh daqiqa yuring.

Retsept

• Wash the rice three times.Guruchni uch marta yuving.
• Cut the carrots into thin strips.Sabzini ingichka qilib to‘g‘rang.
• Heat the oil in a kazan.Qozonda yog‘ni qizdiring.
• Add the meat and fry it for ten minutes.Go‘shtni solib, o‘n daqiqa qovuring.
• Don’t open the lid for 20 minutes.20 daqiqa qopqoqni ochmang.

Ko‘rsatma va qo‘llanma

• Click the button.Tugmani bosing.
• Enter your password.Parolingizni kiriting.
• Read the instructions carefully.Ko‘rsatmalarni diqqat bilan o‘qing.
• Choose the correct answer.To‘g‘ri javobni tanlang.

Tilak va xayrlashuv

• Have a nice day!Kuningiz yaxshi o‘tsin!
• Have a good trip!Yaxshi boring!
• Enjoy your meal!Yoqimli ishtaha!
• Take care!O‘zingizni asrang!
• Get well soon!Tezroq tuzaling!

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: buyruq = fe’lning asosiy shakli. Inkor — Don’t, sifat bilan — Be / Don’t be, birga — Let’s.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Darsda

• — Good morning, everyone. Sit down, please.— Hammaga xayrli tong. O‘tiringlar.
• — Open your books at page 20.— Kitoblaringizni 20-betdan oching.
• — Read the text and answer the questions.— Matnni o‘qing va savollarga javob bering.
• — Don’t use your phones, please.— Iltimos, telefonlaringizdan foydalanmang.
• — Let’s check the answers together.— Keling, javoblarni birga tekshiraylik.

Do‘stingizga maslahat

You look tired. Go home and have a rest. Don’t work so late. Drink some tea and go to bed early. And don’t forget to call your mum!

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Eshikni yoping. → Close the door.
2. Xavotir olmang. → Don’t worry.
3. Ehtiyot bo‘ling! → Be careful!
4. Kechikmang. → Don’t be late.
5. Keling, kinoga boraylik. → Let’s go to the cinema.
6. Keling, unga aytmaylik. → Let’s not tell him.
7. Iltimos, sekinroq gapiring. → Please speak more slowly.
8. Xatoni toping: Don’t to open it. → Don’t open it.

Qisqa xulosa

• Buyruq = fe’lning asosiy shakli, ega yo‘q: Sit down. Open the door.
• Inkor: Don’t + fe’l; rasmiy: Do not + fe’l.
• Sifat bilan: Be quiet! Don’t be afraid!
• Muloyimlik: please yoki Could you...?
• Birgalikda: Let’s + fe’l; inkori: Let’s not + fe’l.
• Let me + fe’l — “men qilay”.
• Yo‘l ko‘rsatish, retsept, ko‘rsatma, tilaklarda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.