Both, Either, Neither

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Stol ustida ikkita olma turibdi deb tasavvur qiling:

• Both — ikkalasi ham: Both apples are red. (Ikkala olma ham qizil.)
• Either — istalgan bittasi, ikkalasidan biri: You can take either apple. (Istalgan bittasini olishingiz mumkin.)
• Neither — hech biri, ikkalasi ham emas: Neither apple is green. (Ikkala olma ham yashil emas.)

Bu so‘zlar faqat ikki narsa yoki odam haqida gapirganda ishlatiladi. Agar narsalar uchta yoki undan ko‘p bo‘lsa, ularning o‘rniga all, any, none ishlatiladi.

O‘zbekchada: ikkalasi ham, ikkalasidan biri, ikkalasi ham emas / hech biri. Inglizchada muhim narsa — fe’l bilan moslik va inkor.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. both, either, neither — ot bilan va of bilan.
2. Fe’l bilan moslik: both — ko‘plik, either / neither — birlik.
3. Juft bog‘lovchilar: both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor.
4. “Men ham” va “men ham emas”: So do I, Neither do I.
5. either gap oxirida.
6. Ikkita va ko‘p narsa: both / all, either / any, neither / none.

both — ikkalasi ham

both + ko‘plik ot + ko‘plik fe’l.

• Both my sisters are doctors.Ikkala singlim ham shifokor.
• Both answers are correct.Ikkala javob ham to‘g‘ri.
• I like both films.Ikkala film ham menga yoqadi.
• Both of them live in Tashkent.Ikkalasi ham Toshkentda yashaydi.

both ning o‘rni

both ega bilan ishlatilganda, u asosiy fe’ldan oldin yoki to be / yordamchi fe’ldan keyin turishi mumkin — xuddi always kabi:

• We both like music.Ikkimiz ham musiqani yoqtiramiz. (asosiy fe’ldan oldin)
• They are both teachers.Ikkalasi ham o‘qituvchi. (to be dan keyin)
• We have both been to Samarkand.Ikkimiz ham Samarqandda bo‘lganmiz. (yordamchi fe’ldan keyin)

either — ikkalasidan biri

either + birlik ot. Ma’nosi: “qaysi biri bo‘lsa ham, farqi yo‘q”.

• You can take either bus.Istalgan avtobusga (ikkalasidan biriga) chiqishingiz mumkin.
• Either day is fine for me.Men uchun istalgan kun bo‘ladi.
• There are shops on either side of the street.Ko‘chaning ikkala tomonida ham do‘konlar bor.
• — Tea or coffee? — Either.— Choymi yoki qahvami? — Farqi yo‘q.

Inkor gapda either — “hech biri” ma’nosini beradi:

• I don’t like either of them.Ikkalasi ham menga yoqmaydi.
• She didn’t choose either dress.U ikkala ko‘ylakdan birortasini ham tanlamadi.

neither — ikkalasi ham emas

neither + birlik ot + bo‘lishli fe’l. neither o‘zi inkor ma’nosiga ega — gapga not qo‘shilmaydi.

• Neither answer is correct.Ikkala javob ham to‘g‘ri emas.
• Neither of my brothers smokes.Ikki akamdan hech biri chekmaydi.
• — Which one do you want? — Neither.— Qaysi birini xohlaysiz? — Hech birini.

neither va not ... either

Ikkalasi bir xil ma’no beradi:

• Neither of them came.Ikkalasidan hech biri kelmadi.
• I didn’t see either of them.Ikkalasidan birortasini ham ko‘rmadim.

I didn’t see neither of them — xato (ikki inkor).

Talaffuz: either — “ayzer” yoki “i:zer”, neither — “nayzer” yoki “ni:zer”. Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.

of bilan

Aniq guruh (the, my, these yoki olmosh) bo‘lsa, of qo‘shiladi.

• Both of them are here.Ikkalasi ham shu yerda.
• Either of us can go.Ikkimizdan biri bora oladi.
• Neither of my friends came.Ikki do‘stimdan hech biri kelmadi.
• Both of the hotels are expensive.Ikkala mehmonxona ham qimmat.

Olmosh bilan of shart: both of them (both them emas). Ot bilan esa of ixtiyoriy: both (of) my sisters.

Fe’l bilan moslik

So‘zlashuvda Neither of them are ready ham eshitiladi, lekin rasmiy uslubda birlik to‘g‘ri.

Juft bog‘lovchilar

Bu so‘zlar juft bo‘lib ham keladi — ikki narsani bog‘laydi.

• Both my mother and my father are teachers.Onam ham, otam ham o‘qituvchi.
• She speaks both English and French.U ham inglizcha, ham fransuzcha gapiradi.
• We can go either today or tomorrow.Yo bugun, yo ertaga borishimiz mumkin.
• Either you leave or I call the police!Yo ketasiz, yo politsiyani chaqiraman!
• Neither Ali nor Vali came to the party.Na Ali, na Vali bazmga keldi.
• I like neither tea nor coffee.Men na choyni, na qahvani yoqtiraman.
• He is not only a doctor but also a writer.U nafaqat shifokor, balki yozuvchi ham.

neither ... nor — o‘zi inkor: fe’l bo‘lishli bo‘ladi. Neither Ali nor Vali came (didn’t come emas).

Men ham / men ham emas

Kundalik suhbatda juda kerakli tuzilmalar — boshqa odamning gapiga qo‘shilish.

Bo‘lishli gapga: So do I / Me too

• “I like tea.” “So do I.” / “Me too.”“Men choyni yoqtiraman.” “Men ham.”
• “I can swim.” “So can I.”“Suza olaman.” “Men ham.”
• “I’m tired.” “So am I.”“Charchadim.” “Men ham.”
• “I went to Bukhara.” “So did I.”“Buxoroga bordim.” “Men ham.”
• “I’ve finished.” “So have I.”“Tugatdim.” “Men ham.”

Inkor gapga: Neither do I / Me neither

• “I don’t like tea.” “Neither do I.” / “Me neither.”“Choyni yoqtirmayman.” “Men ham.”
• “I can’t swim.” “Neither can I.”“Suza olmayman.” “Men ham.”
• “I’m not hungry.” “Neither am I.”“Qornim och emas.” “Meniki ham.”
• “I didn’t go.” “Neither did I.”“Men bormadim.” “Men ham.”

O‘zbekchada ikkala holatda ham “men ham” deymiz. Inglizchada esa bo‘lishli gapga — So / Me too, inkor gapga — Neither / Me neither.

Tuzilishi

Javobda yordamchi fe’l takrorlanadi va ega oxirga o‘tadi.

Yordamchi fe’l asl gapga qarab tanlanadi: am / is / are → am; can → can; oddiy fe’l → do / does / did; have → have.

Boshqa fikr bildirish

Agar rozi bo‘lmasangiz:

• “I love horror films.” “I don’t.”“Qo‘rqinchli filmlarni yaxshi ko‘raman.” “Men yo‘q.”
• “I can’t dance.” “I can.”“Raqs tusha olmayman.” “Men olaman.”
• “I’m not tired.” “I am.”“Charchamadim.” “Men charchadim.”

either gap oxirida

Inkor gap oxirida either — “ham” ma’nosini beradi. Bo‘lishli gapda esa too ishlatiladi.

• She doesn’t eat meat, and I don’t either.U go‘sht yemaydi, men ham.
• I can’t swim, and my brother can’t either.Men suza olmayman, akam ham.
• He wasn’t at home. His wife wasn’t either.U uyda emas edi. Xotini ham.

I don’t eat meat too — xato. Inkorda — either.

Ikkita va ko‘p narsa

• Both my sisters are doctors.Ikkala singlim ham shifokor. (ikkita — both)
• All my sisters are doctors.Hamma singillarim shifokor. (uchta va ko‘p — all)
• Neither of my two brothers smokes.Ikki akamdan hech biri chekmaydi.
• None of my five brothers smokes.Besh akamdan hech biri chekmaydi.
• You can take either of these two books.Bu ikki kitobdan istalganini olishingiz mumkin.
• You can take any of these books.Bu kitoblardan istalganini olishingiz mumkin.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Miqdor va ma’noga qarang:

1. Nechta? Ikkita → both / either / neither. Ko‘p → all / any / none.
2. Ma’no? Ikkalasi ham → both, biri → either, hech biri → neither.
3. Fe’l: both → ko‘plik, either / neither → birlik.

• Both my sisters are doctors.Ikkala singlim ham shifokor. (ko‘plik fe’l)
• Either day is fine.Istalgan kun bo‘ladi. (birlik ot va fe’l)
• Neither answer is correct.Ikkala javob ham to‘g‘ri emas. (birlik)

Misol: “Na otam, na onam ingliz tilini biladi.”

1. Ikki odam, hech biri → neither ... nor.
2. Fe’l bo‘lishli: speaks (neither o‘zi inkor).

Misol: “— Men kinoni yoqtiraman. — Men ham.”

1. Bo‘lishli gap → So.
2. Yordamchi: like → do. Ega: I.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: both — ikkalasi ham (ko‘plik), either — biri (birlik), neither — hech biri (o‘zi inkor). “Men ham”: So do I / Neither do I.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘kondan sovg‘a tanlash

• — Which shirt do you like, the blue one or the white one?— Qaysi ko‘ylak yoqadi, ko‘kimi yoki oqimi?
• — I like both.— Ikkalasi ham yoqadi.
• — Me too! But I can only buy one.— Menga ham! Lekin faqat bittasini ola olaman.
• — Then take either — they’re both nice.— Unda istalganini oling — ikkalasi ham chiroyli.
• — Hmm, actually neither is my brother’s size.— Hmm, aslida ikkalasi ham akamning o‘lchami emas.
• — Oh no! Let’s look for something else.— Voy! Keling, boshqa narsa qidiraylik.

Ikki do‘st haqida

I have two best friends, Aziz and Bekzod. Both of them are from Namangan and they are both engineers. Aziz likes football and so does Bekzod. Neither of them likes cooking, so they either eat at a café or come to my house! I don’t like cold weather, and they don’t either, so we usually travel to the south in winter.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. ___ my parents are teachers. (ikkalasi ham) → Both
2. You can sit on ___ chair. (istalgani) → either
3. ___ of the answers is correct. (hech biri) → Neither
4. “I don’t eat meat.” “___ do I.” → Neither
5. “I’m hungry.” “___ am I.” → So
6. Na Ali, na Vali kelmadi. → Neither Ali nor Vali came.
7. U ham inglizcha, ham ruscha gapiradi. → She speaks both English and Russian.
8. Xatoni toping: I can’t swim and my sister can’t too. → ... my sister can’t either.

Qisqa xulosa

• both — ikkalasi ham, ko‘plik fe’l.
• either — ikkalasidan biri, birlik; inkorda — “hech biri”.
• neither — hech biri, o‘zi inkor (not qo‘shilmaydi).
• Olmosh bilan of: both of them, neither of us.
• Juftlar: both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor.
• Men ham: So do I / Me too; men ham emas: Neither do I / Me neither.
• Inkor gap oxirida — either (too emas).
• Uch va ko‘p uchun — all, any, none.