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Oddiy qilib aytganda

Asosiy artikl qoidalari A1 darajasida o‘rganilgan: a / an — qandaydir bir, the — aniq, ma’lum. Bu darsda nozik holatlarni ko‘rib chiqamiz: umumlashtirish, muassasalar, geografiya, tayyor iboralar.

Asosiy savol o‘zgarmaydi: “Bu aniq narsami yoki umumiymi?” Lekin bir xil so‘z vaziyatga qarab artikl olishi yoki olmasligi mumkin:

• She goes to school.U maktabga boradi. (o‘qish uchun — vazifa)
• She went to the school to see the teacher.U o‘qituvchini ko‘rish uchun maktabga bordi. (bino)
• Water is important.Suv muhim. (umumiy)
• The water in this river is clean.Bu daryodagi suv toza. (aniq)

O‘zbek tilida artikllar yo‘q, shuning uchun bu mavzu o‘zbek o‘quvchilari uchun eng qiyin mavzulardan biri. Lekin qoidalar mantiqiy — ularni tushunsangiz, xatolar ancha kamayadi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Umumlashtirish: tigers, the tiger, a tiger.
2. the + sifat: the rich, the young.
3. Muassasalar: go to hospital va go to the hospital.
4. Geografik nomlar.
5. Tayyor iboralar va ovqat, vaqt, kasallik.
6. Aniqlovchi bilan the qaytadi va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Umumlashtirish: uch usul

Biror tur yoki sinf haqida umumiy gapirishning uch usuli bor:

• Dogs are loyal animals.Itlar sodiq hayvonlar. (umuman)
• The dog is a loyal animal.It — sodiq hayvon. (tur sifatida, rasmiy)
• The tiger is in danger.Yo‘lbars xavf ostida. (tur sifatida)
• The telephone was invented in 1876.Telefon 1876-yilda ixtiro qilingan. (ixtiro)
• A doctor must be patient.Shifokor sabrli bo‘lishi kerak. (har qanday shifokor)

Ixtirolar va hayvon turlari haqida ilmiy uslubda the + birlik ko‘p ishlatiladi: The computer changed the world.

the + sifat = odamlar guruhi

the + sifat — muayyan odamlar guruhini bildiradi. Fe’l ko‘plikda bo‘ladi.

• The rich should help the poor.Boylar kambag‘allarga yordam berishi kerak.
• The elderly need special care.Keksalar alohida g‘amxo‘rlikka muhtoj.
• The young often don’t listen to the old.Yoshlar ko‘pincha keksalarga quloq solmaydi.
• The unemployed are looking for jobs.Ishsizlar ish qidirmoqda.
• The injured were taken to hospital.Jarohatlanganlar kasalxonaga olib borildi.

Millatlar

• The English are reserved.Inglizlar kamgap.
• The French love good food.Fransuzlar yaxshi ovqatni yaxshi ko‘radi.
• The Uzbeks are famous for their hospitality.O‘zbeklar mehmondo‘stligi bilan mashhur.

English (artiklsiz) — til, the English — xalq: English is easy, but the English are reserved.

the + qiyosiy ... the + qiyosiy

“Qancha ko‘p ..., shuncha ko‘p ...” — the ikki marta:

• The more you read, the more you learn.Qancha ko‘p o‘qisangiz, shuncha ko‘p bilasiz.
• The sooner, the better.Qancha tez bo‘lsa, shuncha yaxshi.
• The older he gets, the wiser he becomes.U qancha qarisa, shuncha dono bo‘ladi.

Muassasalar

Ba’zi joylar asosiy vazifasi uchun borilsa — artikl qo‘yilmaydi. Binoning o‘zi nazarda tutilsa (boshqa sabab bilan borilsa) — the qo‘yiladi.

• He is in prison.U qamoqda. (mahkum sifatida)
• His mother went to the prison.Onasi qamoqxonaga bordi. (ko‘rishga)
• She goes to university.U universitetda o‘qiydi.
• I went to the university to meet a friend.Do‘stim bilan uchrashish uchun universitetga bordim.
• My grandfather is in hospital.Bobom kasalxonada. (davolanmoqda)

Britaniya va Amerika: Amerikada in the hospital deyiladi, Britaniyada in hospital.

Geografiya

• The Amu Darya flows into the Aral Sea.Amudaryo Orol dengiziga quyiladi.
• We climbed Mount Chimgan.Chimyon tog‘iga chiqdik.
• She lives in the Netherlands.U Niderlandiyada yashaydi.

Ovqat, vaqt va tadbirlar

Ovqat mahallari, kunlar va fasllar odatda artiklsiz. Lekin sifat qo‘shilsa — a / an paydo bo‘ladi.

• We have dinner at seven.Soat yettida kechki ovqat qilamiz. (artiklsiz)
• We had a great dinner.Ajoyib kechki ovqat qildik. (sifat bilan — a)
• The dinner we had yesterday was delicious.Kecha qilgan kechki ovqatimiz mazali edi. (aniq)
• It was a cold night.Sovuq tun edi.
• I love summer.Yozni yaxshi ko‘raman.
• It was a hot summer.Issiq yoz bo‘ldi.

Kasalliklar

• I have a headache.Boshim og‘riyapti.
• She has a cold.U shamollagan.
• He has flu / the flu.Uning grippi bor. (ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri)
• My uncle has diabetes.Amakimda qandli diabet bor.

Musiqa asboblari va sport

• I play the piano.Pianino chalaman. (cholg‘u bilan the)
• She plays the guitar.U gitara chaladi.
• I play football.Futbol o‘ynayman. (sport bilan artiklsiz)
• They play tennis every week.Ular har hafta tennis o‘ynashadi.

Tayyor iboralar

Bu iboralarni yodlash kerak.

Aniqlovchi bilan the qaytadi

Mavhum ot yoki sanalmaydigan ot umumiy ma’noda — artiklsiz. Lekin aniqlovchi (of ..., in ..., that ...) qo‘shilsa — the qaytadi.

• Water is important.Suv muhim. (umumiy)
• The water in this river is clean.Bu daryodagi suv toza. (aniq)
• History is interesting.Tarix qiziq.
• The history of Khiva is interesting.Xiva tarixi qiziq.
• Life is beautiful.Hayot go‘zal.
• The life of Navoi was full of events.Navoiyning hayoti voqealarga boy edi.
• Love is important.Muhabbat muhim.
• The love of a mother is endless.Onaning muhabbati cheksiz.

a / an ning maxsus vazifalari

• I go twice a week.Haftada ikki marta boraman. (har bir)
• A Mr Karimov called.Karimov ismli kishi qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. (noma’lum odam)
• What a beautiful day!Qanday ajoyib kun!
• She’s such a kind person.U shunday mehribon inson.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Artikl tanlash savollari:

1. Tur haqida umumiy gapirilyaptimi? Ko‘plik, artiklsiz: Tigers are dangerous.
2. Ilmiy umumlashtirishmi? Birlik + the: The tiger is dangerous.
3. Sifat odamlar guruhini bildiradimi? the + sifat: the young, the elderly.
4. Muassasaning vazifasi muhimmi? Artiklsiz: go to hospital.
5. Aniqlovchi bormi? the qaytadi: the history of Khiva.
6. Ibora tayyormi? Yodlang.

• The poor need help.Kambag‘allarga yordam kerak.
• The telephone was invented in 1876.Telefon 1876-yilda ixtiro qilingan.
• I play the piano.Pianino chalaman. (cholg‘u bilan the)
• I play football.Futbol o‘ynayman. (sport bilan artiklsiz)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: umumiy — artiklsiz, aniq (aniqlovchi bilan) — the, the + sifat — odamlar guruhi, muassasa vazifasi — artiklsiz.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ijtimoiy mavzudagi insho

In many countries, the gap between the rich and the poor is growing. The elderly often live alone, and the young cannot find jobs. Education is the key to solving these problems. The education that children receive at school influences their whole life. The government should build more schools and hospitals. The more people study, the better their lives will become.

Suhbat

• — Where’s Aziz?— Aziz qani?
• — He’s in hospital. He broke his leg.— U kasalxonada. Oyog‘ini sindirdi.
• — Oh no! Let’s go to the hospital to visit him.— Voy! Keling, uni ko‘rgani kasalxonaga boraylik.
• — Good idea. We can go by bus.— Yaxshi fikr. Avtobusda borishimiz mumkin.
• — Or on foot — it’s not far. By the way, what time does visiting start?— Yoki piyoda — uzoq emas. Aytgancha, ko‘rish vaqti soat nechada boshlanadi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. ___ young should respect ___ old. → The / the
2. My father is in ___ hospital. (bemor, Britaniya) → —
3. ___ history of Samarkand is fascinating. → The
4. I love ___ music, especially ___ music of Mozart. → — / the
5. Qancha ko‘p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshi bo‘ladi. → The more you practise, the better it gets.
6. U gitara chaladi. → She plays the guitar.
7. Biz ajoyib nonushta qildik. → We had a wonderful breakfast.
8. Xatoni toping: The life is short. → Life is short.

Qisqa xulosa

• Umumlashtirish: ko‘plik artiklsiz (oddiy), the + birlik (ilmiy), a + birlik (ta’rif).
• the + sifat = odamlar guruhi: the rich, the young, the elderly.
• Muassasa vazifasi — artiklsiz (go to school), bino — the (go to the school).
• Geografiya: daryo, dengiz, tog‘ tizmasi, ko‘plik davlat — the; qit’a, shahar, ko‘l, yakka tog‘ — artiklsiz.
• Ovqat mahallari — artiklsiz; sifat bilan — a.
• Aniqlovchi bilan the qaytadi: the history of Khiva.
• Cholg‘u — the, sport — artiklsiz.
• The more ..., the more ...