Linking Words
Zidlik, sabab va natija bog‘lovchilari
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Bog‘lovchi so‘zlar (linking words) — fikrlar orasidagi ko‘prik. Ular gaplarni bir-biriga bog‘laydi va mantiqiy aloqani ko‘rsatadi: zidlik, sabab, natija, maqsad yoki qo‘shimcha.
Bu mavzudagi eng muhim g‘oya — grammatik: har bir bog‘lovchidan keyin nima kelishi. Ma’nosi bir xil so‘zlar ham turli tuzilmani talab qiladi.
- Although it was raining, we went out.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan bo‘lsa ham, tashqariga chiqdik. (although + gap)
- Despite the rain, we went out.Yomg‘irga qaramay, tashqariga chiqdik. (despite + ot)
- It was raining. However, we went out.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi. Biroq tashqariga chiqdik. (yangi gap)
Uchala gapning ma’nosi bir xil, lekin grammatikasi har xil: although — gap talab qiladi, despite — ot, however — yangi gap boshlaydi.
Nima uchun bu yozish uchun muhim? IELTS, CEFR va boshqa imtihonlarda, shuningdek rasmiy matnlarda fikrlar orasidagi aloqa (coherence and cohesion) aynan shu so‘zlar orqali baholanadi.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Zidlik: although, despite, however.
- Sabab: because, because of, due to.
- Natija: so, therefore, as a result.
- Maqsad: to, in order to, so that.
- Qo‘shimcha: in addition, moreover, furthermore.
- Tinish belgilari va rasmiy / oddiy uslub.
Uch guruh: + gap, + ot, yangi gap
Barcha bog‘lovchilarni uch guruhga ajratish mumkin — ulardan keyin nima kelishiga qarab:
| Guruh | Undan keyin | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| Bog‘lovchilar | gap (ega + fe’l) | although, because, while, so that |
| Predloglar | ot yoki -ing | despite, because of, due to, in spite of |
| Bog‘lovchi ravishlar | yangi gap (nuqta yoki ; dan keyin) | However, Therefore, Moreover |
Zidlik
- Although it was raining, we went out.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan bo‘lsa ham, tashqariga chiqdik.
- Even though he’s rich, he isn’t happy.U boy bo‘lsa ham, baxtli emas. (kuchliroq)
- Despite the rain, we went out.Yomg‘irga qaramay, tashqariga chiqdik.
- Despite being tired, she continued.Charchaganiga qaramay, u davom etdi.
- In spite of the cold, they swam.Sovuqqa qaramay, ular suzishdi.
- It was expensive. However, I bought it.Qimmat edi. Ammo uni sotib oldim.
- The hotel was old. Nevertheless, it was comfortable.Mehmonxona eski edi. Shunga qaramay, qulay edi.
while va whereas
while va whereas — ikki narsani qarama-qarshi qo‘yish uchun.
- While some people like tea, others prefer coffee.Ba’zilar choyni yoqtirsa, boshqalar qahvani afzal ko‘radi.
- My brother is tall, whereas I am short.Akam baland, men esa past bo‘yliman.
Ikki gapni bir xil ma’noda
Bir fikrni besh xil usulda yozish mumkin:
- Although he was tired, he worked.U charchagan bo‘lsa ham, ishladi.
- Despite his tiredness, he worked.Charchoqqa qaramay, u ishladi.
- Despite being tired, he worked.Charchagan bo‘lsa ham, ishladi.
- Despite the fact that he was tired, he worked.Charchaganiga qaramay, u ishladi.
- He was tired. However, he worked.U charchagan edi. Ammo ishladi.
Sabab
- We stayed in because it was raining.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgani uchun uyda qoldik.
- As it was late, we took a taxi.Kech bo‘lgani uchun taksiga o‘tirdik.
- Since you’re here, let’s start.Siz shu yerda ekansiz, boshlaylik.
- The flight was cancelled because of the storm.Reys bo‘ron tufayli bekor qilindi.
- The delay was due to technical problems.Kechikish texnik muammolar sababli edi.
- Thanks to your help, I passed.Yordamingiz tufayli o‘tdim. (ijobiy)
as va since — sabab ma’lum bo‘lsa, ko‘pincha gap boshida. because — sabab yangi ma’lumot bo‘lsa, ko‘pincha gap oxirida.
Natija
- It was raining, so we stayed in.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi, shuning uchun uyda qoldik.
- He worked hard. Therefore, he succeeded.U ko‘p ishladi. Shuning uchun muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.
- Prices rose. As a result, people bought less.Narxlar oshdi. Natijada odamlar kamroq xarid qildi.
- The roads were icy. Consequently, many accidents happened.Yo‘llar muzlagan edi. Oqibatda ko‘p avariya bo‘ldi.
Maqsad
- I went to the bank to get money.Pul olish uchun bankka bordim.
- She studied hard in order to pass the exam.U imtihondan o‘tish uchun qattiq o‘qidi.
- I left early so that I could catch the bus.Avtobusga ulgurish uchun erta chiqdim.
- Speak quietly so as not to wake the baby.Chaqaloqni uyg‘otmaslik uchun sekin gapiring.
For to get — xato. Maqsad uchun to (yoki in order to).
Qo‘shimcha
- In addition, the hotel has a pool.Bundan tashqari, mehmonxonada basseyn bor.
- The flat is cheap. Moreover, it’s close to the metro.Kvartira arzon. Bundan tashqari, metroga yaqin.
- She speaks English as well as French.U fransuzchadan tashqari inglizcha ham gapiradi.
- In addition to studying, he works part-time.O‘qishdan tashqari, u yarim stavkada ishlaydi.
Misollar va tartib
| Vazifa | So‘zlar |
|---|---|
| Misol keltirish | for example, for instance, such as, like |
| Tartiblash | firstly, secondly, finally, then, next |
| Xulosa | in conclusion, to sum up, overall, in short |
| Ta’kidlash | in fact, indeed, actually, especially |
- Many fruits, such as apples and grapes, grow in Uzbekistan.Ko‘p mevalar, masalan, olma va uzum O‘zbekistonda o‘sadi.
- Firstly, it’s cheap. Secondly, it’s fast.Birinchidan, arzon. Ikkinchidan, tez.
- In conclusion, technology has changed our lives.Xulosa qilib aytganda, texnologiya hayotimizni o‘zgartirdi.
Bosqichma-bosqich
So‘z tanlash ikki savolga bog‘liq:
- Mantiqiy aloqa qanday? Zidlik, sabab, natija, maqsad, qo‘shish.
- Keyin nima keladi? Gap, ot yoki yangi jumla.
| Aloqa | + gap | + ot | Yangi jumla |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zidlik | although | despite | However, |
| Sabab | because | because of | — |
| Natija | so | — | Therefore, |
| Maqsad | so that | to + fe’l | — |
| Qo‘shimcha | — | as well as | Moreover, |
Bitta fikrni o‘zgartirib yozish
- Because it rained, we stayed in.gap
- Because of the rain, we stayed in.ot
- It rained. Therefore, we stayed in.yangi jumla
Tinish belgilari
- The film was long. However, it was interesting.Film uzun edi. Biroq qiziqarli edi.
- The film was long; however, it was interesting.Film uzun edi; biroq qiziqarli edi.
- Although the film was long, it was interesting.Film uzun bo‘lsa ham, qiziqarli edi.
- The film was interesting although it was long.Film uzun bo‘lsa ham, qiziqarli edi.
The film was long, however it was interesting — xato (vergul bilan ikki gapni however bog‘lay olmaydi).
Rasmiy va oddiy
Rasmiy yozuvda (insho, xat, hisobot) oddiy so‘zlar o‘rniga rasmiyroq sinonimlar ishlatiladi.
| Oddiy (so‘zlashuv) | Rasmiy (yozuv) |
|---|---|
| but | however, nevertheless |
| so | therefore, consequently, as a result |
| also | moreover, furthermore, in addition |
| because of | due to, owing to |
| anyway | nevertheless |
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ Despite it was raining.
✓ Although it was raining.
despite dan keyin gap kelmaydi.
✗ Although the rain.
✓ Despite the rain.
although dan keyin gap keladi.
✗ because the rain
✓ because of the rain
Otdan oldin because of.
✗ In spite the rain.
✓ In spite of the rain.
of tushib qolmaydi.
✗ Although it was cold, but we went.
✓ Although it was cold, we went.
although va but birga kelmaydi.
✗ It was late, however we stayed.
✓ It was late. However, we stayed.
However — yangi gap.
✗ I went for to buy bread.
✓ I went to buy bread.
Maqsad — to.
✗ Despite of the rain.
✓ Despite the rain. / In spite of the rain.
despite — of siz.
✗ He’s rich, moreover he’s kind.
✓ He’s rich. Moreover, he’s kind.
Moreover — yangi gap.
✗ Due to it was late, we left.
✓ Because it was late, we left. / Due to the late hour...
due to + ot.
Eslab qoling: although / because + gap, despite / because of + ot, However / Therefore + yangi gap (vergul bilan).
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
IELTS insho parchasi
Many people believe that living in a big city is better than living in the countryside. Firstly, cities offer more job opportunities. In addition, there are better schools and hospitals. However, city life also has disadvantages. Although salaries are higher, the cost of living is also higher. Moreover, pollution is a serious problem due to heavy traffic. As a result, many families move to the suburbs so that their children can breathe cleaner air. In conclusion, while cities have many benefits, they are not suitable for everyone.
Insho ichida har bir bog‘lovchini toping va undan keyin gap, ot yoki yangi jumla kelganini aniqlang.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- ___ the traffic, we arrived on time. → Despite / In spite of
- ___ there was a lot of traffic, we arrived on time. → Although
- The match was cancelled ___ the bad weather. → because of / due to
- I saved money ___ I could buy a car. → so that
- U kasal edi. Shunga qaramay, ishga bordi. → He was ill. However / Nevertheless, he went to work.
- Ingliz tilini yaxshiroq ish topish uchun o‘rganyapman. → I’m learning English to / in order to get a better job.
- Kvartira katta. Bundan tashqari, arzon. → The flat is big. Moreover / In addition, it’s cheap.
- Xatoni toping: Despite he was tired, he finished the work. → Although he was tired, ... / Despite being tired, ...
Qisqa xulosa
- Har bir bog‘lovchidan keyin nima kelishini biling: gap, ot yoki yangi jumla.
- Zidlik: although + gap, despite / in spite of + ot, However, + yangi gap.
- Sabab: because / as / since + gap, because of / due to + ot.
- Natija: so, Therefore, / As a result,.
- Maqsad: to / in order to + fe’l, so that + gap.
- Qo‘shimcha: In addition, / Moreover, / Furthermore,; as well as + ot.
- However — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul bilan, vergul bilan emas.
- Rasmiy yozuvda: but → however, so → therefore, also → moreover.