Advanced Quantifiers

Oddiy qilib aytganda

A2 darajasida much, many, a lot of, a few, a little kabi asosiy miqdor so‘zlarini o‘rgandik. Yuqori darajada miqdorni aniqroq, nozikroq va rasmiyroq aytish kerak bo‘ladi — ayniqsa insho, hisobot va imtihonlarda.

Bu darsda uchta muhim mavzu bor:

1. each va every farqi — biri har birini alohida ko‘radi, ikkinchisi hammasini guruh sifatida.
2. of so‘zining roli — most people (umuman odamlar) va most of the people (aniq guruh).
3. Rasmiy miqdor iboralari — a large number of, a great deal of, the majority of.

• Most people like music.Ko‘pchilik musiqani yoqtiradi. (umuman)
• Most of the people at the party were young.Bazmdagilarning ko‘pi yosh edi. (aniq guruh)
• A large number of students failed.Ko‘p sonli talaba o‘tmadi. (rasmiy)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. each va every farqi.
2. Miqdor so‘zi + of + aniq guruh.
3. Rasmiy miqdor iboralari.
4. Inkor miqdor: hardly any, few, not many.
5. less va fewer.
6. Fe’l bilan moslik va eng ko‘p xatolar.

each va every

Ikkalasi ham “har bir” degani va ikkalasidan keyin birlik ot va birlik fe’l keladi. Lekin farqi bor:

• Each of the students has a book.Talabalarning har biri kitobga ega.
• Every student has a book.Har bir talabada kitob bor.
• She wore a ring on each hand.U har bir qo‘liga uzuk taqqan edi. (ikki qo‘l — each)
• Every country has its own traditions.Har bir davlatning o‘z an’analari bor.
• The children each received a present.Bolalarning har biri sovg‘a oldi.

Every of the students — xato. every dan keyin of kelmaydi; each of yoki every one of ishlatiladi.

every bilan vaqt

• She visits every two weeks.U har ikki haftada keladi.
• Every other dayHar ikki kunda bir marta
• Every few minutesHar necha daqiqada
• Each time I see him, he smiles.Uni har ko‘rganimda, u jilmayadi.
• Every single dayHar kuni, istisnosiz

Miqdor so‘zi + of + aniq guruh

Bu — eng muhim qoida. Miqdor so‘zidan keyin:

• umumiy ma’noda — to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ot: most people, some students;
• aniq guruh haqida — of the / of my / of them: most of the people, some of my friends.

• Most people like it.Ko‘pchilik buni yoqtiradi. (umuman)
• Most of the people here are young.Bu yerdagilarning ko‘pi yosh. (aniq guruh)
• None of them came.Ularning hech biri kelmadi.
• Several of my friends live abroad.Bir nechta do‘stim chet elda yashaydi.
• All of us agree.Hammamiz rozimiz.
• Some of the questions were difficult.Savollarning ba’zilari qiyin edi.
• Many of my classmates went to university.Sinfdoshlarimning ko‘pi universitetga ketdi.

Most of people — xato. Umumiy ma’noda of yo‘q: Most people.

Qaysi so‘zlar of bilan?

all va both dan keyin of ixtiyoriy: all the students = all of the students. Lekin olmosh bilan of shart: all of them, both of us.

Rasmiyroq miqdor iboralari

Rasmiy yozuvda (insho, hisobot, ilmiy matn) a lot of o‘rniga rasmiyroq iboralar ishlatiladi.

• A large number of tourists visit Samarkand every year.Har yili ko‘p sonli sayyoh Samarqandga tashrif buyuradi.
• The project required a great deal of effort.Loyiha katta kuch talab qildi.
• The majority of students passed the exam.Talabalarning aksariyati imtihondan o‘tdi.
• The shop sells a wide range of products.Do‘konda keng turdagi mahsulotlar sotiladi.
• A large proportion of the population lives in cities.Aholining katta qismi shaharlarda yashaydi.

A great deal of students — xato. a great deal of — faqat sanalmaydigan otlar bilan. Sanaladigan — a large number of.

Inkor miqdor

“Deyarli yo‘q”, “juda kam” ma’nosini berish uchun:

• There’s hardly any milk left.Deyarli sut qolmadi.
• Hardly anyone came.Deyarli hech kim kelmadi.
• Few people realise this.Buni kam odam tushunadi. (rasmiy)
• Little is known about his life.Uning hayoti haqida kam narsa ma’lum. (rasmiy)
• Not many students passed.Ko‘p talaba o‘tmadi.
• Not much has changed.Ko‘p narsa o‘zgarmadi.
• Very few people know the answer.Javobni juda kam odam biladi.

few / little (a siz) — rasmiy uslubda keng tarqalgan va salbiy ma’no beradi. So‘zlashuvda not many / not much tabiiyroq.

less va fewer

• There are fewer cars on the road today.Bugun yo‘lda mashinalar kamroq.
• There is less traffic today.Bugun tirbandlik kamroq.
• I eat less sugar now.Endi kamroq shakar yeyman.
• Fewer people smoke these days.Hozirgi kunda kamroq odam chekadi.

So‘zlashuvda less people ham eshitiladi, lekin rasmiy va imtihon uslubida fewer to‘g‘ri.

fewest va least — orttirma daraja: the fewest mistakes, the least money.

Foizlar, ulushlar va fe’l bilan moslik

of dan keyingi otga qarab fe’l moslashadi: sanalmaydigan — birlik, ko‘plik — ko‘plik.

• Half of the money is gone.Pulning yarmi ketdi.
• Half of the students are here.Talabalarning yarmi shu yerda.
• Most of the water is dirty.Suvning ko‘p qismi iflos.
• Most of the buildings are old.Binolarning ko‘pi eski.
• 30% of the population lives in cities.Aholining 30% i shaharlarda yashaydi.
• Two thirds of the students are girls.Talabalarning uchdan ikki qismi qizlar.

a number of va the number of

• A number of students are absent.Bir qancha talaba yo‘q. (ko‘plik)
• The number of students is growing.Talabalar soni o‘syapti. (birlik — “son”)

none of + fe’l

none of + ko‘plik otdan keyin rasmiy uslubda birlik, so‘zlashuvda ko‘plik fe’l:

• None of the students has finished.Talabalarning hech biri tugatmadi. (rasmiy)
• None of the students have finished.(so‘zlashuv)
• How many came? — None.Nechtasi keldi? — Hech biri.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Tanlash uchun ikki savol:

1. Umuman yoki aniq guruhmi? Umuman: most people. Aniq: most of the people.
2. Rasmiy matnmi? A lot of → a large number of / a great deal of.

• Many students failed.Ko‘p talaba o‘tmadi.
• Many of the students in my class failed.Sinfimdagi ko‘p talaba o‘tmadi.
• A large proportion of the population lives in cities.Aholining katta qismi shaharlarda yashaydi.

Misol: “Do‘stlarimning hech biri kelmadi.”

1. Aniq guruh (mening do‘stlarim) → none of my friends.

Misol (rasmiy): “Ko‘p mablag‘ sarflandi.”

1. money — sanalmaydi → a great deal of.
2. Majhul nisbat (rasmiy uslub).

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: umumiy — miqdor + ot (most people), aniq — miqdor + of the (most of the people). fewer — sanaladigan, less — sanalmaydigan.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Hisobotdan parcha

According to the survey, the majority of young people in Tashkent use social media every day. A large number of respondents said they spend more than three hours online. However, only a few of them read books regularly. Most of the students interviewed prefer watching videos to reading. Fewer people now watch TV than ten years ago, and less time is spent on outdoor activities. None of the participants said they had no smartphone.

Suhbat

• — How many people came to the meeting?— Yig‘ilishga necha kishi keldi?
• — Most of the team came, but a few were ill.— Jamoaning ko‘pi keldi, lekin bir nechtasi kasal edi.
• — Did everyone get the documents?— Hamma hujjatlarni oldimi?
• — Yes, each person got a copy.— Ha, har bir kishi nusxa oldi.
• — Were there any questions?— Savollar bo‘ldimi?
• — Hardly any. Few people understood the topic.— Deyarli yo‘q. Mavzuni kam odam tushundi.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. ___ people enjoy holidays. (umumiy) → Most
2. ___ of my friends live abroad. (bir nechta) → Several / Some / A few
3. There is ___ traffic than yesterday. → less
4. There are ___ cars than yesterday. → fewer
5. Talabalarning har biri sertifikat oldi. → Each of the students got a certificate.
6. Aholining aksariyati shaharlarda yashaydi. → The majority of the population live(s) in cities.
7. Deyarli hech kim kelmadi. → Hardly anyone came.
8. Xatoni toping: A great deal of people came. → A large number of people came.

Qisqa xulosa

• each — alohida (2+), every — guruh (3+); ikkalasidan keyin birlik; every of — yo‘q.
• Umumiy: most people; aniq guruh: most of the people; olmosh bilan of shart.
• Rasmiy: a large number of (sanaladigan), a great deal of / a large amount of (sanalmaydigan), the majority of.
• Inkor: hardly any, few, little, not many, not much.
• fewer + sanaladigan, less + sanalmaydigan.
• Fe’l of dan keyingi otga moslashadi: half of the money is, half of the students are.
• a number of — ko‘plik, the number of — birlik.