Relative Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Nisbiy ergash gaplar (relative clauses) otga “izoh yopishtiradi” — qaysi odam, qaysi narsa yoki qaysi joy haqida gap ketayotganini aniqlashtiradi.

O‘zbekchada izoh ot oldida turadi: “qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam”, “men o‘qigan kitob”. Inglizchada esa ot keyin izohlanadi: “the man who called”, “the book that I read”. Ya’ni tartib teskari: avval ot, keyin u haqida ma’lumot.

• qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam → the man who calledizoh otdan keyin
• men o‘qigan kitob → the book that I readizoh otdan keyin
• men tug‘ilgan shahar → the city where I was bornizoh otdan keyin

Buni ikki gapni bitta qilish deb o‘ylang:

• The man called. He is my uncle.Bir odam qo‘ng‘iroq qildi. U mening amakim.
• The man who called is my uncle.Qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam mening amakim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. who, which, that — odam va narsalar uchun.
2. where, when, whose — joy, vaqt va egalik.
3. Bog‘lovchi ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lganda.
4. who / that ni qachon tushirib qoldirish mumkin.
5. Predlogning gap oxirida qolishi.
6. Olmoshni takrorlamaslik va eng ko‘p xatolar.

who, which, that

who — odamlar uchun

• The woman who lives next door is a teacher.Qo‘shni uyda yashaydigan ayol o‘qituvchi.
• I have a friend who speaks five languages.Besh tilda gapiradigan do‘stim bor.
• The people who came to the party were very nice.Bazmga kelgan odamlar juda yoqimli edi.
• Do you know the man who is talking to Ali?Ali bilan gaplashayotgan odamni taniysizmi?

which — narsalar va hayvonlar uchun

• This is the car which I bought last year.Bu o‘tgan yili sotib olgan mashinam.
• The film which we watched was very long.Biz ko‘rgan film juda uzun edi.
• I have a cat which sleeps all day.Kun bo‘yi uxlaydigan mushugim bor.

that — ham odam, ham narsa uchun

that — universal: ham who o‘rnida, ham which o‘rnida ishlatiladi. So‘zlashuvda juda keng tarqalgan.

• This is the phone that I bought yesterday.Bu kecha sotib olgan telefonim.
• The man that called you is my uncle.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam amakim.
• The book that you gave me is great.Siz bergan kitob ajoyib.

that majburiy ishlatiladigan holatlar: all, everything, nothing, something, the only, the first, the best dan keyin:

• This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.Bu men ko‘rgan eng yaxshi film.
• Everything that he said was true.U aytgan hamma narsa rost edi.
• She is the only person that understands me.U meni tushunadigan yagona inson.

where, when, whose

where — joy

• That’s the school where I studied.Bu men o‘qigan maktab.
• This is the city where I was born.Bu men tug‘ilgan shahar.
• Do you know a café where we can sit quietly?Tinch o‘tira oladigan kafeni bilasizmi?

when — vaqt

• I remember the day when we first met.Birinchi uchrashgan kunimizni eslayman.
• Summer is the time when many people travel.Yoz — ko‘p odamlar sayohat qiladigan vaqt.

whose — egalik

whose — “kimning”, egalikni bildiradi. Undan keyin doim ot keladi.

• I know a boy whose father is a pilot.Otasi uchuvchi bo‘lgan bolani bilaman.
• The woman whose car was stolen called the police.Mashinasi o‘g‘irlangan ayol politsiyaga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• That’s the writer whose books I love.Bu men kitoblarini yaxshi ko‘radigan yozuvchi.

whose ↔ who’s — talaffuzi bir xil, ma’nosi boshqa: who’s = who is / who has.

why — sabab

• That’s the reason why I left.Mana shuning uchun ketdim.
• I don’t know the reason why she is angry.Uning nega jahli chiqqanini bilmayman.

Bog‘lovchi ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi

Bu muhim farq, chunki u bog‘lovchini tushirib qoldirish mumkinligini belgilaydi.

Bog‘lovchi — ega

Bog‘lovchidan keyin darhol fe’l keladi. Bog‘lovchi o‘zi ishni bajaradi.

• The man who called is my uncle.Qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam amakim. (who = ega, keyin fe’l)
• The film that won the prize is good.Mukofot olgan film yaxshi. (that = ega)

Bog‘lovchi — to‘ldiruvchi

Bog‘lovchidan keyin yangi ega (I, you, she, we...) keladi.

• The book (that) I read was great.Men o‘qigan kitob ajoyib edi. (I — yangi ega)
• The man (who) you met is my uncle.Siz uchrashgan odam amakim. (you — yangi ega)

who / that ni tushirib qoldirish

Qoida: bog‘lovchi to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa (undan keyin yangi ega kelsa), uni tushirib qoldirish mumkin. Ega bo‘lsa — mumkin emas.

• The book (that) I read was great.Men o‘qigan kitob ajoyib edi. (tushishi mumkin)
• The man who called is my uncle.Qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam mening amakim. (tushmaydi)
• The film (that) we saw was long.Biz ko‘rgan film uzun edi. (we — ega, that tushadi)
• The film that won is good.Yutgan film yaxshi. (bog‘lovchi ega, tushmaydi)

So‘zlashuvda bog‘lovchi ko‘pincha tushib qoladi: Is this the bag you lost? (= the bag that you lost).

Oson tekshirish: bog‘lovchidan keyin I, you, he, she, we, they yoki ot kelsa — tushirish mumkin. Fe’l kelsa — mumkin emas.

Predlog oxirda

O‘zbekchada predlog o‘rnida qo‘shimcha ishlatiladi: “men yashayotgan uy” (uyda), “men gaplashgan qiz” (qiz bilan). Inglizchada esa predlog gap oxirida qoladi.

• The house (that) I live in is old.Men yashayotgan uy eski.
• The girl (who) I talked to is nice.Men gaplashgan qiz yoqimli.
• The music (that) she listens to is strange.U tinglaydigan musiqa g‘alati.
• That’s the job (that) I applied for.Bu men ariza topshirgan ish.

Rasmiy uslubda predlog bog‘lovchidan oldin ham kelishi mumkin — bunda whom yoki which ishlatiladi:

• The house in which I live is old.Men yashayotgan uy eski. (rasmiy)
• The person to whom I spoke was very helpful.Men gaplashgan odam juda yordam berdi. (rasmiy)

where = in which: the house where I live = the house in which I live = the house (that) I live in.

Olmoshni takrorlamang

O‘zbekchada ba’zan izohdan keyin olmosh qo‘shiladi. Inglizchada esa bog‘lovchi o‘zi olmoshning o‘rnini egallaydi — qaytadan olmosh qo‘yilmaydi.

• The man who he called me ...(xato — he ortiqcha)
• The man who called me ...Menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam ... (to‘g‘ri)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “Men o‘qigan kitob juda qiziq.”

1. Asosiy ot: the book.
2. Ot odammi yoki narsami? Narsa → that / which.
3. Izoh gap inglizcha tartibda: I read.
4. Asosiy gap davomi: is very interesting.

Misol: “Otasi shifokor bo‘lgan qiz mening sinfdoshim.”

1. Asosiy ot: the girl.
2. Egalik (otasi) → whose + father.
3. Izoh: whose father is a doctor.
4. Davomi: is my classmate.

Misol: “Bu biz uchrashgan restoran.”

1. Asosiy ot: the restaurant (joy).
2. Joy → where.
3. Izoh: where we met.

Fe’l otga mos keladi

Bog‘lovchi ega bo‘lsa, undan keyingi fe’l otning soniga moslashadi:

• The man who lives here is a doctor.Bu yerda yashaydigan odam shifokor. (birlik)
• The people who live here are friendly.Bu yerda yashaydigan odamlar samimiy. (ko‘plik)

Tez-tez ishlatiladigan iboralar

• The person who helped me was very kind.Menga yordam bergan odam juda mehribon edi.
• The thing that I like most is the food.Menga eng ko‘p yoqadigan narsa — ovqat.
• The reason why I’m late is the traffic.Kechikkanimning sababi — tirbandlik.
• The place where I feel happiest is home.O‘zimni eng baxtli his qiladigan joy — uy.
• Anyone who wants to come is welcome.Kelishni xohlagan har kim marhamat.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: izoh otdan keyin. Odam — who, narsa — which / that, joy — where, egalik — whose.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Suratdagi odamlar haqida

• — Who is the woman who is wearing a red dress?— Qizil ko‘ylak kiygan ayol kim?
• — That’s my aunt. She’s the one who lives in Moscow.— Bu ammam. Moskvada yashaydigani shu.
• — And the man whose hand is on her shoulder?— Qo‘li uning yelkasida turgan erkak-chi?
• — Her husband. He’s the doctor who helped my grandfather.— Uning eri. Bobomga yordam bergan shifokor o‘sha.
• — Where was this photo taken?— Bu surat qayerda olingan?
• — In the restaurant where they had their wedding.— Ular to‘y qilgan restoranda.

Shahar haqida

Tashkent is the city where I was born. I live in a district which is full of parks. The school that I went to is near my house. My best friend, who I’ve known since childhood, still lives in the same street. The café where we used to meet after school is still open. It’s a place that I’ll never forget.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. The girl ___ won the prize is my sister. → who / that
2. This is the house ___ I grew up. → where
3. I have a friend ___ brother is a famous singer. → whose
4. The phone ___ I bought is broken. → that / which / —
5. Kecha ko‘rgan filmimiz zo‘r edi. → The film (that) we watched yesterday was great.
6. Menga yordam bergan odam ketib qoldi. → The man who helped me has left.
7. Bu men ishlaydigan kompaniya. → This is the company (that) I work for.
8. Xatoni toping: The book which I bought it is expensive. → The book which I bought is expensive.

Qisqa xulosa

• Izoh otdan keyin keladi: the man who called.
• Odam — who, narsa — which, ikkalasi — that.
• Joy — where, vaqt — when, egalik — whose, sabab — why.
• Bog‘lovchi to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa (keyin yangi ega) — tushishi mumkin.
• Bog‘lovchi ega bo‘lsa (keyin fe’l) — tushmaydi.
• Predlog gap oxirida qoladi: the house I live in.
• Olmoshni takrorlamang: the book that I read it.
• the best, the only, everything dan keyin — that.