Inversion

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Odatda inglizcha gap ega bilan boshlanadi: I have never seen this. Inversiyada (teskari so‘z tartibida) esa bu tartib ataylab buziladi — va o‘quvchi yoki tinglovchining diqqati kuchayadi.

Bu notiqning ovozini ko‘tarishiga o‘xshaydi:

• I have never seen such beauty.Men bunday go‘zallikni hech qachon ko‘rmaganman. (oddiy)
• Never have I seen such beauty.Hech qachon bunday go‘zallikni ko‘rmagan edim! (ta’sirli)

Mexanika savol tuzish bilan bir xil: yordamchi fe’l egadan oldinga chiqadi. Siz buni allaqachon bilasiz (Have you seen...?) — faqat endi bu savol emas, kuchli darak gap.

O‘zbek tilida so‘z tartibi erkin, shuning uchun urg‘u uchun so‘zlarni joyini almashtirish oson. Ingliz tilida esa tartib qat’iy, shuning uchun uni buzish — kuchli stilistik usul.

Inversiya rasmiy yozuv, notiqlik, adabiyot va C1 / C2 imtihonlarida ishlatiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Inkor so‘zlar bilan inversiya: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little.
2. Vaqt iboralari: Hardly ... when, No sooner ... than.
3. Not only ... but also.
4. Only bilan iboralar: Only then, Only when, Only after.
5. Shart gaplarda inversiya: Should, Were, Had.
6. so / such va joy iboralari bilan inversiya.

Inkor va cheklovchi so‘zlar

Yordamchi fe’l bo‘lmasa — do / does / did

Present Simple va Past Simple’da yordamchi fe’l ko‘rinmaydi. Inversiya uchun do / does / did qo‘shiladi va fe’l asosiy shaklga qaytadi — xuddi savoldagi kabi.

• I rarely see him. → Rarely do I see him.Uni kamdan-kam ko‘raman.
• She not only sang... → Not only did she sing...U nafaqat kuyladi...
• He little knew the truth. → Little did he know the truth.U haqiqatni zarracha ham bilmasdi.
• We seldom go out. → Seldom do we go out.Biz kamdan-kam tashqariga chiqamiz.

Agar yordamchi fe’l (have, be, can, will, should) bo‘lsa — u oldinga chiqadi:

• I have never been so happy. → Never have I been so happy.Hech qachon bunchalik baxtli bo‘lmaganman.
• You should under no circumstances open it. → Under no circumstances should you open it.Hech qanday holatda uni ochmang.

Hardly ... when, No sooner ... than

Bu iboralar ikki voqea deyarli bir vaqtda — birining ortidan darhol ikkinchisi bo‘lganini bildiradi. Odatda Past Perfect bilan.

• Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.Endigina o‘tirgan edimki, telefon jiringladi.
• No sooner had she left than he arrived.U ketishi bilan u keldi.
• Scarcely had we started when the lights went out.Endigina boshlagan edikki, chiroq o‘chib qoldi.

Diqqat: hardly — when bilan, no sooner — than bilan. Ularni aralashtirmang.

Not only ... but also

• Not only did he win, but he also broke the record.U nafaqat g‘alaba qozondi, balki rekordni ham yangiladi.
• Not only is she clever, but she is also kind.U nafaqat aqlli, balki mehribon ham.
• Not only does the city have museums, but also beautiful parks.Shaharda nafaqat muzeylar, balki chiroyli bog‘lar ham bor.

Only bilan

Only + vaqt yoki sharoit iborasi boshda kelsa, inversiya asosiy gapda (only birikmasidan keyingi qismda) bo‘ladi.

• Only when I read it did I understand.Faqat o‘qiganimdagina tushundim.
• Only after he left did she cry.Faqat u ketgachgina u yig‘ladi.
• Only then did I realise my mistake.Faqat shundagina xatoimni angladim.
• Only by working hard can you succeed.Faqat qattiq mehnat orqaligina muvaffaqiyatga erisha olasiz.
• Only in Samarkand can you see such architecture.Bunday me’morchilikni faqat Samarqandda ko‘rish mumkin.

Xuddi shu qoida Not until uchun: Not until I got home did I notice the mistake.

Shart gaplarda inversiya

Rasmiy uslubda shart gaplardagi if tushib qolishi va yordamchi fe’l boshga chiqishi mumkin. Bu uchta holatda bo‘ladi:

• Should you need help, call me.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling. (= If you should need)
• Were I you, I would accept.Sizning o‘rningizda bo‘lganimda, qabul qilardim. (= If I were)
• Had I known, I would have helped.Bilganimda edi, yordam berardim. (= If I had known)
• Should you have any questions, please contact us.Savollaringiz bo‘lsa, biz bilan bog‘laning. (rasmiy xat)
• Were she to resign, the company would suffer.Agar u iste’foga chiqsa, kompaniya zarar ko‘rardi.
• Had we left earlier, we wouldn’t have missed the train.Ertaroq chiqqanimizda, poyezddan qolmagan bo‘lardik.

Inkor: not — egadan keyin: Had I not seen it, I wouldn’t have believed it. (Hadn’t I seen — xato.)

so va such bilan

so + sifat yoki such + be + ot boshda kelsa — inversiya.

• So tired was he that he fell asleep at once.U shunchalik charchagan ediki, darhol uxlab qoldi.
• Such was her anger that nobody spoke.Uning g‘azabi shunchalik katta ediki, hech kim gapirmadi.
• So beautiful is the view that people come from all over the world.Manzara shunchalik go‘zalki, odamlar butun dunyodan kelishadi.

Joy iboralari bilan

Joy yoki yo‘nalish iborasi boshga chiqsa, ega va fe’l o‘rin almashadi — lekin bu yerda yordamchi fe’l kerak emas. Bu ko‘proq adabiy, tasviriy uslub.

• Here comes the bus.Mana avtobus kelyapti.
• There goes my train!Mana poyezdim ketib qoldi!
• Down the hill ran the children.Bolalar tepalikdan yugurib tushishdi.
• In the corner stood an old man.Burchakda bir chol turardi.
• On the table lay a letter.Stol ustida bir xat yotardi.

Diqqat: ega olmosh bo‘lsa, inversiya bo‘lmaydi: Here it comes! (Here comes it — xato), Here she is!

Bosqichma-bosqich

I had hardly arrived when it started gapini aylantiramiz.

1. Inkor so‘zni boshga olib chiqing: Hardly.
2. Yordamchi fe’lni egadan oldinga qo‘ying: had I.
3. Qolganini davom ettiring: arrived when it started.

I have never heard such a beautiful song.

1. Never — boshga.
2. Yordamchi have — egadan oldin.

She didn’t realise the danger until later.

1. Not until later — boshga.
2. Yordamchi yo‘q → did; fe’l asosiy shaklda.

If you need more information, please contact us.

1. Rasmiy shart → Should + ega + fe’l.

Qayerda ishlatiladi?

Inversiyani me’yorida ishlating — har gapda emas, faqat urg‘u kerak bo‘lgan joyda.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: inkor / cheklovchi so‘z boshda → yordamchi fe’l + ega (savoldagidek). Yordamchi yo‘q bo‘lsa — do / does / did.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Rasmiy nutqdan parcha

Ladies and gentlemen, never before has our university achieved such success. Not only have our students won international competitions, but they have also published research in leading journals. Only through hard work and dedication could this have been possible. Little did we know, ten years ago, that we would reach this point. Should you wish to support our programmes, please visit our website.

Hikoya parchasi

The night was dark and quiet. Hardly had Jasur closed his eyes when he heard a noise. In the doorway stood a strange figure. Never had he felt so frightened. Not until the figure spoke did he realise it was his grandfather!

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I have never seen such a mess. → Never have I seen such a mess.
2. We rarely go to the theatre. → Rarely do we go to the theatre.
3. She had just arrived when it started to rain. → Hardly had she arrived when it started to rain.
4. If I had known, I would have come. → Had I known, I would have come.
5. He didn’t only sing, he also danced. → Not only did he sing, but he also danced.
6. Faqat shundagina men haqiqatni tushundim. → Only then did I understand the truth.
7. Savollaringiz bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling (rasmiy). → Should you have any questions, please call.
8. Xatoni toping: Seldom she visits us. → Seldom does she visit us.

Qisqa xulosa

• Inkor / cheklovchi so‘z boshda → yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l.
• Yordamchi yo‘q bo‘lsa — do / does / did + asosiy shakl.
• Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Not once, At no time, Nowhere.
• Hardly ... when, No sooner ... than — ketma-ket voqealar (Past Perfect).
• Not only ... but also.
• Only when / after / then, Not until — inversiya asosiy gapda.
• Shart: Should you..., Were I..., Had I... (if siz).
• So + sifat + be, Such + be + ot; joy iboralari (yordamchisiz).
• Rasmiy, ta’sirli uslub — me’yorida ishlating.