Non-defining Relative Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ikki gapni taqqoslang:

• “Mening Toshkentda yashaydigan akam keldi.” — bir nechta akangiz bor, qaysi biri kelgani aytilyapti.
• “Akam, u Toshkentda yashaydi, keldi.” — akangiz bitta, bu shunchaki qo‘shimcha ma’lumot.

Inglizchada bu farqni vergul ko‘rsatadi. Vergul — “bu ma’lumotsiz ham gap tushunarli” degan belgi.

• My brother who lives in Paris is a chef.Parijda yashaydigan akam oshpaz. (bir nechta akam bor — aniqlovchi)
• My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.Akam, u Parijda yashaydi, oshpaz. (bitta akam — qo‘shimcha)

Aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan ergash gaplar (non-defining relative clauses) otni aniqlamaydi, faqat qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi. Ularni gapdan olib tashlasa ham, ma’no saqlanadi. Ular doim vergul bilan ajratiladi.

B1 darajasida aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni (the man who called) o‘rgangan edik. Endi aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan turini o‘rganamiz — bu ayniqsa yozma va rasmiy uslubda muhim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Aniqlovchi va aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan gaplar farqi.
2. who, which, where, whose, when — vergul bilan.
3. Nima uchun that ishlatilmaydi va bog‘lovchi tushmaydi.
4. which — butun gapga izoh.
5. Miqdor bilan: most of whom, some of which.
6. Predlog bilan va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Aniqlovchi va aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan

who — odamlar

• My mother, who is 60, still works.60 yoshdagi onam hali ham ishlaydi.
• Amir Temur, who was born in Shahrisabz, built a great empire.Shahrisabzda tug‘ilgan Amir Temur buyuk saltanat qurdi.
• My best friend, who I’ve known since school, is getting married.Maktabdan beri taniydigan eng yaqin do‘stim turmush qurmoqda.
• Our teacher, who speaks five languages, is from Samarkand.Besh tilda gapiradigan o‘qituvchimiz Samarqanddan.

whom — rasmiy

To‘ldiruvchi vazifasida rasmiy uslubda whom ishlatilishi mumkin:

• The director, whom I met yesterday, was very helpful.Kecha uchrashgan direktor juda yordam berdi. (rasmiy)
• The director, who I met yesterday, was very helpful.(so‘zlashuv)

which — narsalar

• Tashkent, which is the capital, has over 3 million people.Poytaxt bo‘lgan Toshkentda 3 milliondan ortiq odam yashaydi.
• My car, which I bought last year, has already broken down.O‘tgan yili olgan mashinam allaqachon buzilib qoldi.
• The Registan, which was built in the 15th century, is very famous.XV asrda qurilgan Registon juda mashhur.

where, when, whose

• We visited Khiva, where my father was born.Otam tug‘ilgan Xivaga bordik.
• I’ll never forget 2010, when I first went abroad.Birinchi marta chet elga borgan 2010-yilni hech qachon unutmayman.
• My neighbour, whose son is a pilot, travels a lot.O‘g‘li uchuvchi bo‘lgan qo‘shnim ko‘p sayohat qiladi.
• Navoi, whose poems are read all over the world, was born in Herat.She’rlari butun dunyoda o‘qiladigan Navoiy Hirotda tug‘ilgan.

that ishlatilmaydi, bog‘lovchi tushmaydi

Aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan gaplarda ikki qat’iy qoida bor:

1. that ishlatilmaydi — faqat who, which, whose, where, when;
2. Bog‘lovchini tushirib qoldirib bo‘lmaydi — hatto u to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa ham.

Tez tekshiruv

So‘rang: bu qism olib tashlansa, qaysi ot haqida gap ketayotgani tushunarlimi? Tushunarli bo‘lsa — bu qo‘shimcha ma’lumot, vergul qo‘ying.

• Amir Temur, who was born in Shahrisabz, built a great empire.Shahrisabzda tug‘ilgan Amir Temur buyuk saltanat qurdi. (Amir Temur — yagona, vergul)
• The students who failed must retake the exam.Yiqilgan talabalar imtihonni qayta topshirishi kerak. (qaysi talabalar? — aniqlovchi, vergul yo‘q)

Ismlar, yagona narsalar (the sun, my mother, Tashkent) va egalik bilan aniqlangan otlar bilan ko‘pincha aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan gap ishlatiladi — chunki ular allaqachon aniq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Vergul kerakligini aniqlash:

1. Izohli qismni o‘chiring.
2. Gap ma’nosi aniq qoldimi? Ha bo‘lsa — vergul qo‘ying.
3. Vergulli bo‘lsa — that ishlatmang va bog‘lovchini tushirmang.

• Navoi, who wrote Khamsa, was born in Herat.“Xamsa”ni yozgan Navoiy Hirotda tug‘ilgan.
• The man who called you is here.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam shu yerda.

Birinchisida “Navoi” yagona, izoh qo‘shimcha. Ikkinchisida izohsiz qaysi odam ekani noma’lum.

Misol: ikki gapni birlashtirish

Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its blue domes.

1. Asosiy ot: Samarkand (yagona) → aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan.
2. Narsa → which.
3. Vergul bilan ajrating.

Misol: My father is a doctor. His hospital is in the city centre.

1. Egalik (his hospital) → whose.

Butun gapga izoh: , which

which faqat bitta otga emas, oldingi gapning butun fikriga ham ishora qilishi mumkin. O‘zbekchada bu “bu esa”, “bu” ga to‘g‘ri keladi.

• She arrived late, which annoyed everyone.U kech keldi, bu hammani bezovta qildi.
• He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.U imtihondan o‘tdi, bu hammani hayron qoldirdi.
• It rained all week, which was a pity.Butun hafta yomg‘ir yog‘di, bu afsuslanarli edi.
• They offered me the job, which made me very happy.Ular menga ishni taklif qilishdi, bu meni juda xursand qildi.

Bu holatda what yoki that ishlatilmaydi: She arrived late, what annoyed everyone — xato.

Miqdor bilan

most of, some of, all of, both of, none of, many of + whom (odamlar) / which (narsalar).

• I have two brothers, both of whom are doctors.Ikki akam bor, ikkalasi ham shifokor.
• She bought ten books, some of which were old.U o‘nta kitob oldi, ayrimlari eski edi.
• Many students came, most of whom were from Tashkent.Ko‘p talaba keldi, ularning aksariyati toshkentlik edi.
• We visited five museums, all of which were fascinating.Biz beshta muzeyga bordik, ularning hammasi qiziqarli edi.

Bu yerda who emas, whom ishlatiladi: most of whom (most of who — xato).

Predlog bilan

• The man to whom I spoke was kind.Men gaplashgan odam mehribon edi. (rasmiy)
• The man who I spoke to was kind.Men gaplashgan odam mehribon edi. (oddiy)
• My grandmother, with whom I lived for ten years, taught me to cook.O‘n yil birga yashagan buvim menga ovqat pishirishni o‘rgatdi.
• The house, in which I was born, is now a museum.Men tug‘ilgan uy hozir muzey.

Yozish va talaffuz

• Yozuvda — ikkita vergul (gap o‘rtasida) yoki bitta vergul (gap oxirida).
• Nutqda — vergul o‘rnida qisqa pauza va ohang pasayadi.
• Rasmiy yozuvda bu gaplar matnni ixcham va boy qiladi — ikki gapni bittaga birlashtiradi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: vergul = qo‘shimcha ma’lumot. that yo‘q, bog‘lovchi tushmaydi. Butun gapga — , which.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Sayyohlik matni

Bukhara, which is more than 2,500 years old, is one of the most beautiful cities in Central Asia. The Ark Fortress, where the emirs once lived, stands in the centre of the city. Many tourists visit the Kalyan Minaret, which was built in 1127. Ismail Samani, whose mausoleum is a masterpiece, ruled here in the 10th century. The city has hundreds of monuments, most of which are protected by UNESCO.

Oila haqida

• — Tell me about your family.— Oilangiz haqida gapirib bering.
• — My father, who is a doctor, works in a big hospital.— Otam, u shifokor, katta kasalxonada ishlaydi.
• — And your mother?— Onangiz-chi?
• — She’s a teacher, which is why she’s so patient!— U o‘qituvchi, shuning uchun bunchalik sabrli!
• — Do you have siblings?— Aka-uka, opa-singillaringiz bormi?
• — Three sisters, all of whom are married.— Uchta singlim bor, hammasi turmush qurgan.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. My grandfather, ___ is 85, still drives. → who
2. We stayed in Khiva, ___ we visited the old city. → where
3. He failed the test, ___ made his parents angry. → which
4. I have three cousins, ___ of whom live abroad. → all / two / none...
5. Ikki gapni birlashtiring: My sister is a nurse. She lives in Moscow. → My sister, who lives in Moscow, is a nurse.
6. Ikki gapni birlashtiring: Tashkent is my home. It has many parks. → Tashkent, which has many parks, is my home.
7. Vergul kerakmi? The man who called you is my uncle. → Yo‘q (qaysi odam ekanini aniqlaydi).
8. Xatoni toping: Samarkand, that is very old, is beautiful. → Samarkand, which is very old, is beautiful.

Qisqa xulosa

• Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot — vergul bilan ajratiladi.
• who (odam), which (narsa), where (joy), whose (egalik), when (vaqt).
• that ishlatilmaydi, bog‘lovchi tushirib qoldirilmaydi.
• Olib tashlansa ham — ma’no saqlanadi.
• , which — butun oldingi gapga izoh: She was late, which annoyed everyone.
• Miqdor: most of whom, some of which, both of whom.
• Ismlar va yagona narsalar bilan ko‘pincha aniqlovchi bo‘lmagan gap.
• Asosan yozma va rasmiy uslubda.