Can — Qila olish: can: qoida va misollar

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Can — “qo‘limdan keladi, qila olaman” degani. O‘zbekchadagi -a olaman, -a olasan, -a oladi shakliga to‘g‘ri keladi: suza olaman, hayday oladi, gapira olamiz.

Can ning eng yaxshi tomoni — u o‘zgarmaydi. Hamma shaxs uchun bir xil: I can, she can, they can. U -s olmaydi, do / does yordamchisini ham talab qilmaydi, undan keyin to ham qo‘yilmaydi. Shuning uchun can oddiy fe’llardan osonroq.

TuzilishiHamma shaxs uchun can + fe’lning asosiy shakli

Bo‘lishsizcan’t (cannot) + fe’l

So‘roqCan + ega + fe’l ...?

Qisqa javobYes, I can. / No, I can’t.

I can swim.Men suza olaman.
She can’t drive.U mashina hayday olmaydi.
Can I sit here?Shu yerga o‘tirsam bo‘ladimi?
Can you help me?Menga yordam bera olasizmi?

Can — modal fe’l. Modal fe’llar (can, must, should, will, may) asosiy fe’lga qo‘shimcha ma’no beradi: imkoniyat, majburiyat, maslahat. Ularning hammasi bir xil qoidaga bo‘ysunadi va can — ularning eng oddiysi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

can ning tuzilishi: bo‘lishli, inkor, savol.
can ning to‘rt vazifasi: qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos, imkoniyat.
O‘tgan zamon: could.
Muloyim iltimos: Could you...?
Boshqa zamonlar uchun: be able to.
can va can’t talaffuzi va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Tuzilishi: uchta oltin qoida

Qoida	Noto‘g‘ri	To‘g‘ri
1. -s olmaydi	He cans swim.	He can swim.
2. Keyin to kerak emas	I can to swim.	I can swim.
3. do / does ishlatilmaydi	Do you can help?	Can you help?

Bundan tashqari, can dan keyingi fe’l ham o‘zgarmaydi — doim asosiy shaklda:

She can speak English.U inglizcha gapira oladi. (speaks emas)
He can play the guitar.U gitara chala oladi. (plays emas)
They can come tomorrow.Ular ertaga kela oladi.

Inkor: can’t

Can ning inkori — cannot (bitta so‘z bo‘lib yoziladi) yoki qisqa shakli can’t. Kundalik nutqda deyarli doim can’t ishlatiladi.

I can’t swim.Men suza olmayman.
She can’t come to the party.U bazmga kela olmaydi.
We cannot accept your offer.Biz taklifingizni qabul qila olmaymiz. (rasmiy)
You can’t park here.Bu yerda mashina qo‘yib bo‘lmaydi.
I can’t believe it!Ishonolmayman!

Can not (alohida) deb yozish kam uchraydi va odatda xato hisoblanadi. Cannot — bitta so‘z.

Savol va qisqa javoblar

Savol uchun can egadan oldinga chiqadi. Boshqa hech narsa kerak emas.

DarakShe can swim.

SavolCan she swim?

So‘roq so‘zi bilanWhat can you do?

Can you speak Russian?Ruscha gapira olasizmi?
Can your brother drive?Akangiz mashina hayday oladimi?
What can I do for you?Sizga qanday yordam bera olaman?
Where can I buy a SIM card?SIM-kartani qayerdan sotib olsam bo‘ladi?
How can I get to the airport?Aeroportga qanday borsam bo‘ladi?

Savol	Ha	Yo‘q
Can you swim?	Yes, I can.	No, I can’t.
Can she cook?	Yes, she can.	No, she can’t.
Can they come?	Yes, they can.	No, they can’t.

Can ning to‘rt vazifasi

1. Qobiliyat — “qila olaman”

Biror ishni bajara olish, bilim yoki mahorat.

I can swim.Suza olaman.
My daughter can read and write.Qizim o‘qiy va yoza oladi.
He can speak four languages.U to‘rt tilda gapira oladi.
Can you cook plov?Palov pishira olasizmi?
I can’t sing very well.Unchalik yaxshi qo‘shiq ayta olmayman.

Qobiliyatni kuchaytirish yoki yumshatish uchun ravishlar qo‘shiladi: I can swim very well. I can only speak a little English. I can’t swim at all. (umuman suza olmayman)

2. Ruxsat — “mumkinmi, bo‘ladimi”

Ruxsat so‘rash va berish.

Can I sit here?Shu yerga o‘tirsam bo‘ladimi?
Can I use your phone?Telefoningizdan foydalansam bo‘ladimi?
You can go home now.Endi uyga ketishingiz mumkin.
— Can I come in? — Yes, of course.— Kirsam bo‘ladimi? — Ha, albatta.

3. Iltimos — “...bera olasizmi?”

Kimdandir biror ish qilib berishni so‘rash.

Can you help me?Menga yordam bera olasizmi?
Can you open the window, please?Iltimos, derazani ochib bera olasizmi?
Can you speak more slowly?Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
Can I have a glass of water?Bir stakan suv bersangiz.

Restoran yoki do‘konda buyurtma berganda Can I have...? juda qulay: Can I have the menu, please? Can I have a coffee?

4. Taqiq va imkoniyat

Can’t — biror narsa mumkin emasligini, taqiqlanganligini bildiradi. Can — umumiy imkoniyatni.

You can’t smoke here.Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas.
You can’t use your phone during the exam.Imtihon paytida telefondan foydalanib bo‘lmaydi.
You can see the mountains from here.Bu yerdan tog‘lar ko‘rinadi.
It can be very hot in July.Iyulda juda issiq bo‘lishi mumkin.

Sezgi fe’llari bilan

see, hear, smell, taste bilan can “hozir sezyapman” ma’nosida ishlatiladi. O‘zbekchada “ko‘ryapman, eshityapman” deymiz.

I can see the sea!Dengizni ko‘ryapman!
Can you hear me?Meni eshityapsizmi?
I can smell something burning.Nimadir kuyayotganini sezyapman.

O‘tgan zamon: could

Can ning o‘tgan zamoni — could. U ham o‘zgarmaydi va xuddi can kabi ishlatiladi.

Bo‘lishliI could + fe’l: I could read when I was four.

InkorI couldn’t + fe’l: She couldn’t come.

SavolCould you + fe’l ...?: Could you swim as a child?

I could read when I was four.To‘rt yoshimda o‘qiy olardim.
She couldn’t come yesterday.U kecha kela olmadi.
My grandfather could speak Persian.Bobom forscha gapira olar edi.
I couldn’t sleep last night.Kecha tunda uxlay olmadim.
Could you understand the film?Filmni tushuna oldingizmi?

Muloyim iltimos: Could you...?

Could faqat o‘tgan zamon emas. U muloyimroq iltimos uchun ham ishlatiladi — hozir yoki kelajak haqida.

Oddiy	Muloyimroq
Can you help me?	Could you help me?
Can I ask a question?	Could I ask a question?
Can you repeat that?	Could you repeat that, please?

Could you open the window?Derazani ochib bera olasizmi? (muloyim iltimos)
Could you tell me the way to the station?Bekatga yo‘lni ko‘rsatib bera olasizmi?
Could I speak to the manager, please?Menejer bilan gaplashsam bo‘ladimi?

Notanish odamlar, katta yoshdagilar, rasmiy vaziyatlarda Could you...? ishlatish yaxshi odob belgisi.

Boshqa zamonlarda: be able to

Can ning kelasi zamon va tugallangan zamon shakllari yo‘q. Will can yoki have canned — xato. Buning o‘rniga be able to (qila olmoq) ishlatiladi.

Zamon	Shakli	Misol
Hozirgi	can / am able to	I can swim.
O‘tgan	could / was able to	I could swim.
Kelasi	will be able to	I will be able to swim.
Present Perfect	have been able to	I haven’t been able to sleep.
Modal bilan	might be able to	I might be able to help.

I will be able to help you tomorrow.Ertaga sizga yordam bera olaman.
I haven’t been able to sleep this week.Shu hafta uxlay olmadim.
One day you will be able to speak English fluently.Bir kun kelib siz inglizchada ravon gapira olasiz.
I’d like to be able to play the piano.Pianino chala olishni xohlardim.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “U (qiz) inglizcha gapira oladi.”

Ega: she.
Can: can (o‘zgarmaydi, -s yo‘q).
Fe’lning asosiy shakli: speak (speaks emas).
Qolgani: English.

NatijaShe can speak English.

Inkor uchun can’t, savol uchun can ni oldinga chiqaramiz:

She can’t speak English.U inglizcha gapira olmaydi.
Can she speak English?U inglizcha gapira oladimi?
Yes, she can. / No, she can’t.Ha. / Yo‘q.

Misol: “Menga yordam bera olasizmi?” (muloyim)

Muloyim iltimos → Could.
Ega: you.
Fe’l: help + me.

NatijaCould you help me, please?

Misol: “Ertaga kela olaman.”

Kelasi zamon → can emas, will be able to.
Fe’l: come.

NatijaI will be able to come tomorrow.

Talaffuz

Can va can’t ni talaffuzdan farqlash muhim, chunki t ko‘pincha deyarli eshitilmaydi.

can (gap ichida)qisqa, urg‘usiz “kən”: I can swim — “ay kən svim”

can’tuzun, urg‘uli “kaant” (Britaniya) / “kent” (Amerika): I can’t swim

can (qisqa javobda)to‘liq, urg‘uli “ken”: Yes, I can.

Ya’ni can gap ichida tez va kuchsiz, can’t esa urg‘uli va uzunroq. Tinglaganda shu farqqa e’tibor bering.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~He cans swim.~~

✓ He can swim.

can -s olmaydi.

✗ ~~I can to swim.~~

✓ I can swim.

can dan keyin to kerak emas.

✗ ~~Do you can help?~~

✓ Can you help?

can bilan do ishlatilmaydi.

✗ ~~She can speaks English.~~

✓ She can speak English.

can dan keyin fe’l o‘zgarmaydi.

✗ ~~I will can help you.~~

✓ I will be able to help you.

Kelasi zamonda be able to.

✗ ~~I don’t can swim.~~

✓ I can’t swim.

Inkor — can’t.

✗ ~~I can not to come.~~

✓ I can’t come.

can’t + fe’l, to yo‘q.

✗ ~~Can you to help me?~~

✓ Can you help me?

to kerak emas.

✗ ~~I could swim yesterday in the sea.~~

✓ I was able to swim in the sea yesterday.

Bir martalik muvaffaqiyat — was able to.

✗ ~~Yesterday I can’t come.~~

✓ Yesterday I couldn’t come.

O‘tgan zamonda couldn’t.

Oxirgidan oldingi xatoga e’tibor bering: could o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat uchun (I could swim when I was five). Aniq bir martalik muvaffaqiyat uchun was able to yaxshiroq (Yesterday I was able to swim across the lake). Lekin inkorda couldn’t ikkala holatda ham to‘g‘ri.

Eslab qoling: can + fe’l. -s yo‘q, to yo‘q, do yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ishga kirish suhbatida

— What languages can you speak?— Qaysi tillarda gapira olasiz?
— I can speak Uzbek, Russian and English.— O‘zbek, rus va ingliz tillarida gapira olaman.
— Can you use Excel?— Excel’dan foydalana olasizmi?
— Yes, I can. I can also make presentations.— Ha. Taqdimot ham tayyorlay olaman.
— Can you start on Monday?— Dushanbadan boshlay olasizmi?
— Yes, of course.— Ha, albatta.

Restoranda

— Can I have the menu, please?— Menyuni bersangiz.
— Of course.— Albatta.
— Could we have some water too?— Suv ham bersangiz bo‘ladimi?
— Can I pay by card?— Karta bilan to‘lasam bo‘ladimi?
— Sorry, you can’t. Only cash.— Kechirasiz, mumkin emas. Faqat naqd pul.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Men velosiped hayday olaman. → I can ride a bike.
U (erkak) suza olmaydi. → He can’t swim.
Shu yerga o‘tirsam bo‘ladimi? → Can I sit here?
Bolaligimda shaxmat o‘ynay olardim. → I could play chess when I was a child.
Kecha uxlay olmadim. → I couldn’t sleep last night.
Ertaga yordam bera olaman. → I will be able to help tomorrow.
Derazani yopib bera olasizmi? (muloyim) → Could you close the window, please?
Xatoni toping: She can to dance. → She can dance.

Qisqa xulosa

can + fe’lning asosiy shakli: I can swim.
Hamma shaxsda bir xil: -s yo‘q, to yo‘q, do yo‘q.
Inkor: can’t / cannot; savol: Can + ega + fe’l?
To‘rt vazifa: qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos, imkoniyat / taqiq.
O‘tgan zamon: could / couldn’t.
Muloyim iltimos: Could you...? Could I...?
Kelasi va tugallangan zamonda: will be able to, have been able to.
can — qisqa “kən”, can’t — uzun va urg‘uli.