This, That, These, Those — Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bu to‘rt so‘zni qo‘lingiz bilan ko‘rsatayotganingizni tasavvur qiling. Narsa qo‘lingiz yetadigan joyda bo‘lsa — this (bu). Xonaning narigi tomonida yoki ko‘chaning u yog‘ida bo‘lsa — that (anavi, u). Bir nechta narsa bo‘lsa: yaqini these (bular), uzog‘i those (anavilar).

O‘zbekchada ham shunday so‘zlar bor: bu, shu, u, anavi. Lekin o‘zbek tilida ko‘plik uchun alohida so‘z ishlatmaymiz — “bu kitoblar” deymiz. Inglizchada esa ko‘rsatish so‘zi ham ko‘plikka o‘tadi: this book → these books.

Eslab qolish oson:

this va these — ikkalasida i / e bor, ikkalasi ham yaqin;
that va those — uzoq.

	Yaqin	Uzoq
Birlik	this (bu)	that (u, anavi)
Ko‘plik	these (bular)	those (ular, anavilar)

This is my pen.Bu mening ruchkam.
That house is old.Anavi uy eski.
These apples are sweet.Bu olmalar shirin.
Those people are tourists.Anavi odamlar sayyohlar.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

this, that, these, those ni masofa va songa qarab tanlash.
Ular bilan fe’lni moslashtirish: this is, these are.
Ot bilan va otsiz ishlatish.
Tanishtirish va telefonda gapirish.
Vaqt haqida: this week, that day.
That’s right, this one kabi muhim iboralar va xatolar.

Ikki savol bilan tanlash

To‘g‘ri so‘zni tanlash uchun faqat ikki savol yetarli.

Yaqinmi yoki uzoqmi?
Bittami yoki ko‘pmi?

Yaqin + bittathis: this bag, this phone

Yaqin + ko‘pthese: these bags, these phones

Uzoq + bittathat: that building, that man

Uzoq + ko‘pthose: those buildings, those men

This bag is heavy.Bu sumka og‘ir. (qo‘limda, bitta)
That building is new.Anavi bino yangi. (uzoqda, bitta)
These shoes are comfortable.Bu tuflilar qulay. (oyog‘imda, ko‘p)
Those mountains are beautiful.Anavi tog‘lar chiroyli. (uzoqda, ko‘p)

“Yaqin” faqat masofa emas. Gapiruvchiga tegishli, hozirgi, yangi narsalar ham “yaqin” hisoblanadi. Suhbatdoshga tegishli yoki avval aytilgan narsalar esa ko‘pincha “uzoq” — that.

Fe’lni ham moslang

Ko‘rsatish so‘zi birlik bo‘lsa — is, ko‘plik bo‘lsa — are. Ot ham mos shaklda bo‘lishi kerak.

Birlikthis / that + birlik ot + is: This book is new.

Ko‘plikthese / those + ko‘plik ot + are: These books are new.

Birlik	Ko‘plik
This is my friend.	These are my friends.
That car is expensive.	Those cars are expensive.
Is this your key?	Are these your keys?
This apple isn’t sweet.	These apples aren’t sweet.

Uch so‘z birga o‘zgaradi: this → these, book → books, is → are. Bittasini unutsangiz, gap xato bo‘ladi.

Ot bilan va otsiz

Ot bilan (sifat vazifasida)

Ko‘rsatish so‘zi otdan oldin keladi:

this citybu shahar
that womananavi ayol
these studentsbu talabalar
those flowersanavi gullar

Agar sifat ham bo‘lsa, tartib: ko‘rsatish so‘zi + sifat + ot.

this beautiful citybu chiroyli shahar
those old housesanavi eski uylar
these red applesbu qizil olmalar

Diqqat: ko‘rsatish so‘zi bilan a / an / the va my / your birga kelmaydi. The this book yoki this my book — xato. To‘g‘ri: this book yoki my book.

Otsiz (olmosh vazifasida)

Narsa ko‘rinib turgan bo‘lsa, ko‘rsatish so‘zi yolg‘iz ishlatiladi:

What’s this?Bu nima?
That is my house.Anavi mening uyim.
How much are these?Bular qancha turadi?
I don’t like those.Anavilar menga yoqmaydi.

this one, that one

Bitta narsani tanlaganda, takror otni aytmaslik uchun one qo‘shiladi. Ko‘plikda ones.

Which phone do you want? — This one.Qaysi telefonni xohlaysiz? — Mana bunisini.
I don’t like this shirt. I prefer that one.Bu ko‘ylak yoqmaydi. Anavisi ma’qul.
Do you want the red shoes or the black ones?Qizil tuflilarni xohlaysizmi yoki qoralarini?

Tanishtirish va telefon

Odamlarni tanishtirish

Kimnidir tanishtirganda This is ishlatiladi — hatto u odam ko‘plikda bo‘lsa ham, These are deyiladi. He is my friend emas, aynan This is.

This is my friend Aziz.Bu mening do‘stim Aziz.
This is my wife, Nilufar.Bu xotinim, Nilufar.
These are my parents.Bular mening ota-onam.
Mum, this is my teacher.Oyi, bu mening o‘qituvchim.

Telefonda

Telefonda o‘zingizni tanishtirganda This is ishlatiladi, I am emas. Suhbatdoshni so‘raganda — Is that...?

Hello, this is Malika.Salom, bu Malika. (telefonda)
Is that Bobur?Bu Boburmi? (telefonda)
Who’s that?Kim bu? (telefonda yoki eshik ortida)

Vaqt haqida ham ishlatiladi

Vaqtda ham “yaqin” va “uzoq” bor. Hozirgi vaqt — this, o‘tgan yoki uzoq vaqt — that.

this (hozir, joriy)	that (o‘tmish, o‘sha)
this morning — bugun ertalab	that morning — o‘sha kuni ertalab
this week — shu hafta	that week — o‘sha hafta
this year — shu yil	that year — o‘sha yil
these days — hozirgi kunlarda	those days — o‘sha kunlar

This week I’m very busy.Shu hafta juda bandman.
I saw him this morning.Uni bugun ertalab ko‘rdim.
These days many people work from home.Hozirgi kunlarda ko‘p odamlar uydan ishlaydi.
Those were happy days.U kunlar baxtli kunlar edi.
In those days we didn’t have phones.O‘sha paytlarda telefonimiz yo‘q edi.

Diqqat: this bilan vaqt so‘zidan oldin predlog qo‘yilmaydi: this Monday (in this Monday emas), this year (in this year emas).

Suhbatdagi muhim iboralar

That so‘zlashuvda “shu, bu gap” ma’nosida juda ko‘p ishlatiladi — u suhbatdosh aytgan gapga ishora qiladi.

That’s right!To‘g‘ri!
That’s a good idea.Bu yaxshi fikr.
That’s OK.Hechqisi yo‘q.
That’s all.Hammasi shu.
Is that true?Shu rostmi?
Thank you! — That’s very kind of you.Rahmat! — Siz juda mehribonsiz.
This is delicious!Bu juda mazali!

Yangi narsa haqida gapirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz — this: Listen to this! (Buni eshiting!). Hozirgina aytilgan gapga javob bersangiz — that: I didn’t know that. (Buni bilmasdim.)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Misol: “Bu olmalar juda shirin.”

Yaqinmi? Ha (“bu”).
Nechta? Ko‘p (olmalar) → these.
Ot: apples (ko‘plik).
Fe’l: ko‘plik → are.

NatijaThese apples are very sweet.

Misol: “Anavi uy kimniki?”

Uzoq (“anavi”), bitta → that.
Ot: house.
Savol: Whose + ot + is + that...?

NatijaWhose house is that?

Misol: “Bular mening do‘stlarim.”

Yaqin, ko‘p → these.
Tanishtirish → These are.

NatijaThese are my friends.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~This books are new.~~

✓ These books are new.

Ko‘plik uchun these.

✗ ~~Those is my car.~~

✓ That is my car.

Birlik uchun that.

✗ ~~These is my friend.~~

✓ This is my friend.

Bitta odam — this is.

✗ ~~This are my parents.~~

✓ These are my parents.

Ko‘plik — these are.

✗ ~~I like this shoes.~~

✓ I like these shoes.

shoes — ko‘plik.

✗ ~~He is my friend Ali. (tanishtirishda)~~

✓ This is my friend Ali.

Tanishtirishda this is.

✗ ~~I am Malika. (telefonda)~~

✓ This is Malika.

Telefonda this is.

✗ ~~in this year~~

✓ this year

this oldidan predlog qo‘yilmaydi.

✗ ~~the this book~~

✓ this book

this bilan the birga kelmaydi.

✗ ~~These book is good.~~

✓ These books are good.

Ot ham, fe’l ham ko‘plikda.

Eslab qoling: this / that + birlik + is. these / those + ko‘plik + are.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘konda

— How much is this shirt?— Bu ko‘ylak qancha turadi?
— Fifty thousand.— Ellik ming.
— And those jeans over there?— Anavi jinsilar-chi?
— Those are eighty thousand.— Ular sakson ming.
— Can I try these shoes?— Bu tuflilarni kiyib ko‘rsam bo‘ladimi?
— Of course. Do you want this size or that one?— Albatta. Shu o‘lchamnimi yoki anavisinimi?

Mehmonda

— Mum, this is my friend Kamola.— Oyi, bu mening dugonam Kamola.
— Nice to meet you, Kamola.— Tanishganimdan xursandman, Kamola.
— Are these your photos?— Bular sizning suratlaringizmi?
— Yes. This is me and that’s my brother.— Ha. Bu men, anavi esa akam.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

___ is my phone. (qo‘limda) → This
___ are my keys. (stolda, yonimda) → These
Look at ___ bird in the sky! → that
___ people over there are my neighbours. → Those
Bu ko‘ylak menga yoqadi. → I like this dress.
Bular mening ota-onam. → These are my parents.
To‘g‘ri! → That’s right!
Shu yil Samarqandga boraman. → I’ll go to Samarkand this year.

Qisqa xulosa

Yaqin: this (bitta), these (ko‘p).
Uzoq: that (bitta), those (ko‘p).
Fe’l va ot ham mos keladi: this book is, these books are.
Tanishtirish va telefonda: This is Ali. These are my friends.
Tanlashda: this one, that one, those ones.
Vaqt: this week (hozir), that day (o‘tmishda); predlogsiz.
That’s right! That’s a good idea! — suhbatdagi muhim iboralar.