Conjunctions — Bog‘lovchilar: qoida va misollar

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bog‘lovchi — ikki gapni ulovchi “yopishqoq lenta”. Ularsiz nutq qisqa, uzuq-yuluq bo‘laklardan iborat bo‘ladi: “Men charchadim. Uyga bordim. Uxladim.” Bog‘lovchilar bilan esa fikr ravon va tushunarli bo‘ladi: “Men charchadim, shuning uchun uyga bordim va uxladim.”

Har bir bog‘lovchining o‘z vazifasi bor:

and — qo‘shadi (va);
but — qarshi qo‘yadi (lekin);
or — tanlatadi (yoki);
because — sababni aytadi (chunki);
so — natijani aytadi (shuning uchun).

So‘z	Ma’nosi	Vazifasi
and	va	qo‘shadi
but	lekin	zidlik
or	yoki	tanlov
so	shuning uchun	natija
because	chunki	sabab
when	...ganda	vaqt
if	agar	shart
before / after	oldin / keyin	vaqt
while	...ayotganda	bir vaqtda
although	garchi	zidlik

I like tea and coffee.Men choy va qahvani yoqtiraman.
It was cold, but we went out.Sovuq edi, lekin tashqariga chiqdik.
Do you want tea or coffee?Choy xohlaysizmi yoki qahvami?
It was raining, so I took a taxi.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi, shuning uchun taksiga o‘tirdim.
I stayed home because I was ill.Kasal bo‘lganim uchun uyda qoldim.
When I got home, I had dinner.Uyga kelganimda, kechki ovqat qildim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

Asosiy beshta bog‘lovchi: and, but, or, so, because.
because va so — sabab va natija.
Vaqt bog‘lovchilari: when, while, before, after, until, as soon as.
if — shart bilan birinchi tanishuv.
although va but — zidlik.
Vergul qoidalari va eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

and — va

and ikki so‘zni, ikki iborani yoki ikki gapni qo‘shadi.

I have a brother and a sister.Mening akam va opam bor.
She is smart and kind.U aqlli va mehribon.
I got up, had breakfast and went to work.Turdim, nonushta qildim va ishga bordim.
My father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher.Otam shifokor, onam esa o‘qituvchi.

Ro‘yxatda and faqat oxirgi element oldidan qo‘yiladi: apples, oranges and bananas. O‘zbekchada ham shunday: olma, apelsin va banan.

but — lekin

but — zidlik, kutilmagan yoki qarama-qarshi ma’lumot.

It was cold, but we went out.Sovuq edi, lekin tashqariga chiqdik.
I like tea, but I don’t like coffee.Choyni yoqtiraman, lekin qahvani yoqtirmayman.
The hotel was expensive but comfortable.Mehmonxona qimmat, lekin qulay edi.
I called him, but he didn’t answer.Unga qo‘ng‘iroq qildim, lekin javob bermadi.

or — yoki

or — tanlov. Savolda ham, darak gapda ham ishlatiladi.

Do you want tea or coffee?Choy xohlaysizmi yoki qahvami?
We can go by bus or by taxi.Avtobusda yoki taksida borishimiz mumkin.
Is it Monday or Tuesday today?Bugun dushanbami yoki seshanbami?

Inkor gapda or — “ham ... ham emas”: I don’t like tea or coffee. — Men na choyni, na qahvani yoqtiraman.

or “aks holda” ma’nosida ham keladi: Hurry up, or you’ll be late! — Shoshiling, aks holda kechikasiz!

because va so — bir tanganing ikki tomoni

Bu ikki bog‘lovchi bir xil fikrni turli tartibda aytadi.

becausesabab oldidan: I’m tired because I worked a lot.

sonatija oldidan: I worked a lot, so I’m tired.

I stayed home because it was raining.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgani uchun uyda qoldim.
It was raining, so I stayed home.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi, shuning uchun uyda qoldim.
She is happy because she passed the exam.U imtihondan o‘tgani uchun xursand.
She passed the exam, so she is happy.U imtihondan o‘tdi, shuning uchun xursand.

O‘zbek tilidan farqi

O‘zbekchada ko‘pincha ikkalasini birga ishlatamiz: “Chunki kasal edim, shuning uchun uyda qoldim.” Inglizchada esa because va so bitta gapda birga kelmaydi — bittasi yetarli.

Because I was ill, I stayed at home.Kasal bo‘lganim uchun uyda qoldim. (to‘g‘ri)
I was ill, so I stayed at home.Kasal edim, shuning uchun uyda qoldim. (to‘g‘ri)

Because I was ill, so I stayed — xato.

because of

because dan keyin to‘liq gap (ega + fe’l) keladi. Agar faqat ot bo‘lsa — because of.

We stayed home because it was raining.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgani uchun uyda qoldik. (gap)
We stayed home because of the rain.Yomg‘ir sababli uyda qoldik. (ot)

Why...? — Because...

Why savoliga javob ko‘pincha Because bilan boshlanadi:

— Why are you late? — Because I missed the bus.— Nega kechikdingiz? — Chunki avtobusdan qoldim.

Vaqt bog‘lovchilari

Bog‘lovchi	Ma’nosi	Misol
when	...ganda	When I arrived, she left.
while	...ayotganda	While she slept, I worked.
before	...dan oldin	Before you leave, close the door.
after	...dan keyin	After we ate, we walked.
until	...gacha	Wait until I come back.
as soon as	...ishi bilan	Call me as soon as you arrive.

When I finish, I’ll call you.Tugatganimda qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
Before you leave, close the door.Ketishdan oldin eshikni yoping.
After we ate, we walked.Ovqatlangach, sayr qildik.
While she slept, I worked.U uxlayotganda men ishladim.
I’ll wait until you come back.Qaytib kelguningizcha kutaman.
As soon as I got home, I went to bed.Uyga kelishim bilan yotdim.

Diqqat: kelajak haqida gapirganda, when, before, after, until, as soon as dan keyin will ishlatilmaydi — hozirgi zamon:

I’ll call you when I arrive.Yetib borganimda qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman. (when I will arrive emas)

if — agar

if — shart. Agar biror narsa bo‘lsa, natija qanday bo‘ladi.

If it rains, we’ll stay at home.Agar yomg‘ir yog‘sa, uyda qolamiz.
If you’re hungry, eat something.Agar qorningiz och bo‘lsa, biror narsa yeng.
I’ll help you if you want.Agar xohlasangiz, yordam beraman.

Shart gaplarni B1 darajasida batafsil o‘rganamiz.

although va but — zidlik

although (garchi) va but (lekin) — ikkalasi ham zidlik, lekin ular gapning turli qismida turadi.

butikkinchi gap oldidan: It was cold, but we went out.

althoughbirinchi gap oldidan: Although it was cold, we went out.

Although it was cold, we went out.Garchi sovuq bo‘lsa ham, tashqariga chiqdik.
It was cold, but we went out.Sovuq edi, lekin tashqariga chiqdik.
Although he is rich, he isn’t happy.Garchi boy bo‘lsa ham, u baxtli emas.

O‘zbekchadagidek, although va but bitta gapda birga kelmaydi: Although it was cold, but we went — xato.

even though — although ning kuchliroq shakli: Even though I was tired, I finished the work.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Ikki gapni bog‘lash uchun avval ularning aloqasini aniqlang.

Qo‘shimchaI like tea and I like coffee.

ZidlikI like tea but I don’t like coffee.

TanlovTea or coffee?

SababI’m tired because I worked a lot.

NatijaI worked a lot, so I’m tired.

Misol: “Men och edim, shuning uchun sendvich yedim.”

Aloqa: birinchi gap — sabab, ikkinchisi — natija.
Natija oldidan → so.

NatijaI was hungry, so I ate a sandwich.

Misol: “U kelmadi, chunki kasal edi.”

Aloqa: ikkinchi gap — sabab.
Sabab oldidan → because.

NatijaHe didn’t come because he was ill.

Misol: “Garchi qimmat bo‘lsa ham, men uni sotib oldim.”

Aloqa: zidlik, birinchi gap oldidan → although.

NatijaAlthough it was expensive, I bought it.

Vergul

Qoida	Misol
so va but oldidan odatda vergul	It was late, so we left.
Ergash gap boshda kelsa, undan keyin vergul	When I arrived, she left.
Ergash gap oxirda kelsa, vergul yo‘q	She left when I arrived.
because oldidan odatda vergul yo‘q	I left because I was tired.
Ikki qisqa gap and bilan — vergul shart emas	I sat down and I waited.

When I arrived, she left.Men kelganimda, u ketdi. (vergul bor)
She left when I arrived.U men kelganimda ketdi. (vergul yo‘q)
If you need help, call me.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
Call me if you need help.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.

Gap boshida

Rasmiy yozuvda (insho, xat, imtihon) gapni And yoki But bilan boshlamaslikka harakat qiling. Ularning o‘rniga:

And o‘rniga — Also, In addition, Moreover;
But o‘rniga — However.

The hotel was nice. However, the food was bad.Mehmonxona yaxshi edi. Biroq ovqat yomon edi.

However dan keyin vergul qo‘yiladi. Kundalik nutqda va norasmiy yozuvda esa And / But bilan boshlash odatiy hol.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~Because I was ill, so I stayed.~~

✓ Because I was ill, I stayed.

Bittasi yetarli.

✗ ~~Although it was cold, but we went.~~

✓ Although it was cold, we went.

although va but birga ishlatilmaydi.

✗ ~~I stayed home because the rain.~~

✓ I stayed home because of the rain.

Ot oldidan because of.

✗ ~~I’ll call you when I will arrive.~~

✓ I’ll call you when I arrive.

when dan keyin will yo‘q.

✗ ~~I like apples, oranges, and, bananas.~~

✓ I like apples, oranges and bananas.

and faqat oxirgi element oldidan.

✗ ~~I don’t like tea and coffee.~~

✓ I don’t like tea or coffee.

Inkorda or.

✗ ~~It was late so, we left.~~

✓ It was late, so we left.

Vergul so dan oldin.

✗ ~~However the food was bad.~~

✓ However, the food was bad.

However dan keyin vergul.

✗ ~~I was tired, because I worked.~~

✓ I was tired because I worked.

because oldidan vergul shart emas.

Eslab qoling: because — sabab, so — natija. although va but — zidlik. Bir gapda ikkalasi birga kelmaydi.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Kechikish sababi

— Why were you late this morning?— Bugun ertalab nega kechikdingiz?
— I woke up late because my alarm didn’t ring.— Kech uyg‘ondim, chunki budilnigim jiringlamadi.
— Did you take a taxi?— Taksi oldingizmi?
— I wanted to, but there weren’t any. So I took the bus.— Olmoqchi edim, lekin birorta ham yo‘q edi. Shuning uchun avtobusga chiqdim.
— Next time call me before you leave if there’s a problem.— Keyingi safar muammo bo‘lsa, chiqishdan oldin menga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.

Kichik matn

Last weekend I wanted to go to the mountains, but the weather was terrible. It was raining and it was very windy, so I stayed at home. Although I was a bit sad, I had a nice day. I read a book and watched a film. When the rain stopped in the evening, I went for a walk. If the weather is good next weekend, I’ll try again.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

I like football ___ basketball. (qo‘shish) → and
She is rich, ___ she isn’t happy. (zidlik) → but
Do you want juice ___ water? (tanlov) → or
I was tired, ___ I went to bed early. (natija) → so
I went to bed early ___ I was tired. (sabab) → because
Garchi kasal bo‘lsa ham, u ishga bordi. → Although he was ill, he went to work.
Uyga kelishim bilan sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman. → I’ll call you as soon as I get home.
Xatoni toping: Because it was late, so we took a taxi. → Because it was late, we took a taxi.

Qisqa xulosa

and — qo‘shadi, but — zidlik, or — tanlov.
because — sabab, so — natija; bir gapda birga kelmaydi.
because + gap, because of + ot.
Vaqt: when, while, before, after, until, as soon as; ulardan keyin will yo‘q.
if — shart: If it rains, we’ll stay home.
although + gap, but bilan birga kelmaydi.
Ergash gap boshda bo‘lsa — vergul; so va but oldidan — vergul.
Rasmiy yozuvda gap boshida But o‘rniga However,.