Perfect and Passive Infinitives

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Fe’lning infinitiv (to do) va -ing (doing) shakllari ham zamon va nisbatni ko‘rsata oladi:

• She seems to be happy.U xursand ko‘rinadi. (hozir)
• She seems to have been happy.U xursand bo‘lganga o‘xshaydi. (oldin)
• I want to tell the truth.Haqiqatni aytmoqchiman. (faol)
• I want to be told the truth.Menga haqiqat aytilishini xohlayman. (majhul)

• to go — oddiy;
• to have gone — oldin bo‘lgan;
• to be taken — majhul;
• being taken — ish qilinayotgan (majhul -ing).

Bu darsning asosiy savoli: “Bu ish asosiy fe’ldan oldinmi yoki u bilan bir vaqtdami?” va “Ega ishni qiladimi yoki ish unga qilinadimi?”

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Perfect infinitiv: to have + V3 — oldingi ish.
2. Davomli infinitiv: to be + -ing.
3. Majhul infinitiv va -ing: to be done, being done.
4. Perfect -ing: having done, having been done.
5. seem, appear, claim va sifatlar bilan.
6. Inkor va modal fe’llar bilan, eng ko‘p xatolar.

Oldin bo‘lgan ish: to have + V3

Perfect infinitiv — asosiy fe’ldan oldin bo‘lgan ishni bildiradi.

• She seems to have left.U ketganga o‘xshaydi.
• He claims to have met the president.U prezident bilan uchrashganini da’vo qiladi.
• I’m glad to have seen you.Sizni ko‘rganimdan xursandman.
• They appear to have made a mistake.Ular xato qilganga o‘xshaydi.
• She is said to have been a famous singer.U mashhur xonanda bo‘lgan deyishadi.

Qaysi fe’llar bilan?

seem, appear, claim, pretend, happen, be said / believed / thought, expect va boshqalar:

• He pretended to have read the book.U kitobni o‘qigandek ko‘rsatdi.
• I happened to have seen the accident.Men tasodifan avariyani ko‘rib qolgan edim.
• She is believed to have lived in Bukhara.U Buxoroda yashagan deb hisoblanadi.

Sifatlardan keyin

• I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.Kuttirib qo‘yganim uchun uzr.
• I’m proud to have worked with you.Siz bilan ishlaganimdan faxrlanaman.
• She was lucky to have survived the accident.U avariyadan omon qolgani uchun omadli edi.

Davom etayotgan ish: to be + -ing

Davomli infinitiv — asosiy fe’l bilan bir vaqtda davom etayotgan ish.

• She seems to be sleeping.U uxlayotganga o‘xshaydi.
• It’s nice to be sitting here.Bu yerda o‘tirish yoqimli.
• He appears to be working on something important.U muhim narsa ustida ishlayotganga o‘xshaydi.
• You must be joking!Hazillashayotgan bo‘lsangiz kerak!

to have been + -ing — oldin davom etgan: He seems to have been crying. (U yig‘lagan bo‘lsa kerak.)

Majhul shakllar

Infinitiv: to be + V3

Ish egaga qilinadi — u o‘zi qilmaydi.

• I want to be told the truth.Menga haqiqat aytilishini xohlayman.
• The work needs to be finished.Ish tugatilishi kerak.
• She hopes to be chosen for the team.U jamoaga tanlanishga umid qiladi.
• Nobody likes to be criticised.Hech kim tanqid qilinishni yoqtirmaydi.

-ing: being + V3

• She appreciates being invited.U taklif qilinishini qadrlaydi.
• I hate being told what to do.Menga nima qilish kerakligini aytishlarini yomon ko‘raman.
• He’s afraid of being left alone.U yolg‘iz qolishdan qo‘rqadi.
• I remember being taken there as a child.Bolaligimda u yerga olib borilganimni eslayman.

Tugallangan majhul: to have been + V3

• The bridge is said to have been built in 1600.Ko‘prik 1600-yilda qurilgan deyiladi.
• The thief is believed to have been caught.O‘g‘ri qo‘lga olingan deb hisoblanadi.
• He was lucky to have been chosen.U tanlangani uchun omadli edi.

-ing shakllari: having + V3

having + V3 — oldin bo‘lgan ish, -ing shakli bilan. Ko‘pincha deny, admit, regret, remember fe’llaridan keyin va sifatdosh oborotlarda.

• He denied having stolen the money.U pulni o‘g‘irlaganini inkor etdi.
• He admitted having lied.U yolg‘on gapirganini tan oldi.
• I regret having said that.Buni aytganimdan afsusdaman.
• Having finished her work, she went home.Ishini tugatib, u uyga ketdi.

having been + V3

• Having been warned, he left.Ogohlantirilgach, u ketdi.
• Having been invited, we had to go.Taklif qilinganimiz uchun borishimiz kerak edi.

Diqqat: deny, admit, regret, remember dan keyin oddiy -ing ham ko‘pincha to‘g‘ri, chunki fe’lning o‘zi o‘tmishni ko‘rsatadi: He denied stealing the money.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Vaqt munosabatini va nisbatni aniqlang:

1. Bir vaqtda: to do / doing.
2. Oldin: to have done / having done.
3. Ish egaga qilinadi: to be done / being done.
4. Oldin va majhul: to have been done / having been done.

• He seems to be happy.U xursand ko‘rinadi. (hozir)
• He seems to have been happy.U xursand bo‘lganga o‘xshaydi. (oldin)
• She hopes to win.U yutishga umid qiladi. (faol)
• She hopes to be chosen.U tanlanishga umid qiladi. (majhul)

Misol: “U hamma narsani unutganga o‘xshaydi.”

1. seem + unutish oldin bo‘lgan → to have + V3.
2. forget → forgotten.

Misol: “Men kuzatilishni yoqtirmayman.”

1. Majhul (meni kuzatishadi) + -ing (yoqtirmoq dan keyin) → being + V3.

Misol: “Bu qasr XIII asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanadi.”

1. is believed + oldin + majhul → to have been built.

Modal fe’llar bilan

Modal + have + V3 — bu ham perfect infinitiv (to siz):

• It should have been done.Bu qilinishi kerak edi.
• He must have been tired.U charchagan bo‘lsa kerak.
• The letter might have been lost.Xat yo‘qolgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
• You could have been killed!O‘lib qolishingiz mumkin edi!

Bo‘lishsiz shakl

not — har doim infinitiv yoki -ing dan oldin keladi.

• He seemed not to have noticed.U sezmaganga o‘xshardi.
• Not having a car is difficult.Mashinasiz qiyin.
• I’m sorry for not having called you.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilmaganim uchun uzr.
• She pretended not to be interested.U qiziqmagandek ko‘rsatdi.

Having not seen it — xato. To‘g‘ri: Not having seen it.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: to have + V3 — oldingi ish, to be + V3 — majhul, having + V3 — oldingi ish (-ing), being + V3 — majhul (-ing).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Tarixiy matn

The ancient city of Afrasiyab is believed to have been founded in the 7th century BC. It is said to have been one of the richest cities on the Silk Road. Archaeologists claim to have found evidence of trade with China and India. The city appears to have been destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1220. Having been abandoned for centuries, it is now an important archaeological site.

Ish suhbatida

• — I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.— Kuttirib qo‘yganim uchun uzr.
• — No problem. I’m glad to be given this opportunity.— Muammo yo‘q. Menga bu imkoniyat berilganidan xursandman.
• — Your CV is impressive. You seem to have worked in many countries.— Rezyumengiz ta’sirli. Ko‘p davlatlarda ishlaganga o‘xshaysiz.
• — Yes. Having lived abroad, I understand different cultures.— Ha. Chet elda yashaganim uchun turli madaniyatlarni tushunaman.
• — And you don’t mind being sent on business trips?— Xizmat safarlariga yuborilishga qarshi emasmisiz?
• — Not at all. I enjoy travelling.— Umuman yo‘q. Sayohatni yaxshi ko‘raman.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. She seems ___ (forget) my name. (oldin) → to have forgotten
2. The children appear ___ (sleep). (hozir, jarayon) → to be sleeping
3. I don’t like ___ (interrupt). (majhul -ing) → being interrupted
4. The painting is thought ___ (steal) in 1990. → to have been stolen
5. Sizni bezovta qilganim uchun uzr. → I’m sorry to have disturbed you.
6. U pulni olganini inkor etdi. → He denied having taken the money.
7. Ogohlantirilmagani uchun u xavfni bilmasdi. → Not having been warned, he didn’t know about the danger.
8. Xatoni toping: He claims to see a ghost last night. → He claims to have seen a ghost last night.

Qisqa xulosa

• to have + V3 — asosiy fe’ldan oldingi ish: She seems to have left.
• to be + -ing — bir vaqtda davom etayotgan: She seems to be sleeping.
• to be + V3 — majhul infinitiv: I want to be told.
• to have been + V3 — oldingi majhul: It is said to have been built in 1600.
• having + V3 — oldingi ish (-ing): He denied having stolen it.
• being + V3 — majhul -ing: I hate being told what to do.
• not — doim oldinda: not to have, not having.
• Modal + have + V3 — ham perfect infinitiv.