Complex Noun Phrases

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Murakkab ot birikmasi — ko‘p ma’lumotni bitta ot atrofiga yig‘ish. Oddiy, bola nutqida: “Uy bor. U eski. U tog‘ yonida.” Birlashtirilgan, yetuk nutqda: the old house near the mountain — “tog‘ yonidagi eski uy”.

• There is a house. It is old. It is near the mountain.Uy bor. U eski. U tog‘ yonida. (oddiy)
• the old house near the mountaintog‘ yonidagi eski uy (murakkab ot birikmasi)

O‘zbekchada barcha aniqlovchilar ot oldida turadi: tog‘ yonidagi eski uy. Inglizchada esa qisqa aniqlovchilar (sifat, ot) — oldida, uzun qism (predlogli birikma, gap) — otdan keyin keladi.

Rasmiy, ilmiy va akademik yozuvda ko‘p ma’lumot shunday bitta ot guruhiga jamlanadi. Uzun gapni tushunish uchun birinchi navbatda asosiy otni toping.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Ot birikmasining tuzilishi: oldidan va ortidan aniqlovchilar.
2. Otdan keyin keladigan qismlar.
3. Ot + ot birikmalari.
4. Qo‘shma sifatlar: well-known, ten-minute.
5. Uzun birikmani tahlil qilish va tarjima qilish.
6. Fe’l bilan moslik va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Otdan oldin nima keladi?

Asosiy otdan oldin qisqa aniqlovchilar keladi — ma’lum tartibda:

• the three new government policieshukumatning uchta yangi siyosati
• my old school friendmaktabdagi eski do‘stim
• a beautiful small wooden housechiroyli kichik yog‘och uy

Otdan keyin nima keladi?

Asosiy otdan keyin uzunroq qismlar keladi:

• a change in the lawqonundagi o‘zgarish
• the people living nearbyyaqin atrofda yashovchi odamlar
• the products made in UzbekistanO‘zbekistonda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar
• a decision to close the schoolmaktabni yopish to‘g‘risidagi qaror
• the idea that money brings happinesspul baxt keltiradi degan g‘oya
• the man who founded the companykompaniyani asos solgan odam

Bir nechta aniqlovchi birga

• the rapid growth of online shopping in AsiaOsiyoda onlayn xaridlarning tez o‘sishi
• a significant increase in the number of students studying abroadchet elda o‘qiyotgan talabalar sonining sezilarli o‘sishi
• the main reasons for the decline in birth ratestug‘ilish darajasi pasayishining asosiy sabablari

Ot + ot

Ingliz tilida ot boshqa ot oldida sifat vazifasini bajarishi mumkin. Birinchi ot aniqlovchi, oxirgi ot — asosiy.

• a car parkavtoturargoh (park — asosiy)
• a school busmaktab avtobusi (bus — asosiy)
• a bus schoolavtobus maktabi (school — asosiy)
• a city government health programmeshahar hokimiyatining sog‘liq dasturi (programme — asosiy)
• climate change policyiqlim o‘zgarishi siyosati
• student exchange programmetalabalar almashinuvi dasturi

Muhim: sifat vazifasidagi ot odatda birlikda qoladi:

• a shoe shoppoyabzal do‘koni (shoes shop emas)
• a ten-year plano‘n yillik reja (ten-years emas)
• a book shelfkitob javoni

Qo‘shma sifatlar

Bir nechta so‘z chiziqcha bilan birlashib, bitta sifat hosil qiladi. Ular ot oldida turadi.

• a ten-minute walko‘n daqiqalik yo‘l
• a five-year-old childbesh yoshli bola
• a two-week courseikki haftalik kurs
• a well-known writertaniqli yozuvchi
• a long-term planuzoq muddatli reja
• a time-consuming taskko‘p vaqt oladigan ish
• a world-famous citydunyoga mashhur shahar
• a record-breaking resultrekord natija

Diqqat: qo‘shma sifatda ot birlikda: a ten-minute walk (minutes emas), a five-year-old child (years emas). Lekin to be dan keyin: The child is five years old.

Sodda va murakkab matn

Murakkab ot birikmalari bir nechta gapni bittaga birlashtiradi — bu akademik yozuvning belgisi.

• Unemployment rose. This was caused by factories closing.Ishsizlik oshdi. Bunga zavodlarning yopilishi sabab bo‘ldi.
• The rise in unemployment caused by factory closures ...Zavodlarning yopilishi sabab bo‘lgan ishsizlik o‘sishi ...

• Many students study abroad. Their number has grown. The growth is significant.(oddiy)
• There has been a significant growth in the number of students studying abroad.Chet elda o‘qiyotgan talabalar sonida sezilarli o‘sish kuzatildi. (akademik)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Uzun birikmani qismlarga bo‘lamiz: the rapid growth of online shopping in Asia

1. Asosiy ot: growth.
2. Oldidagi sifat: rapid.
3. Keyingi aniqlovchi: of online shopping.
4. Joy: in Asia.

Tarjima tartibi — aksincha: oxiridan boshlang — “Osiyoda onlayn xaridlarning tez o‘sishi”.

the new government policy on climate change

1. Asosiy ot: policy.
2. Oldidan: the new government (yangi hukumat).
3. Keyin: on climate change (iqlim o‘zgarishi bo‘yicha).

O‘zbekchadan inglizchaga: “Toshkentda yashovchi yosh oilalar uchun arzon uylar”

1. Asosiy ot: uylar → housing / houses.
2. Oldidan: arzon → affordable.
3. Keyin: yosh oilalar uchun → for young families; Toshkentda yashovchi → living in Tashkent.

Fe’lni to‘g‘ri moslash

Uzun birikmada fe’l asosiy otga moslashadi — yonidagi so‘zga emas.

• The results of the survey are clear.So‘rov natijalari aniq. (results — ko‘plik)
• The quality of the products is high.Mahsulotlar sifati yuqori. (quality — birlik)
• The number of students studying abroad has grown.Chet elda o‘qiyotgan talabalar soni o‘sdi. (number — birlik)

Egalik yoki of?

Uzun birikmalarda of ko‘proq ishlatiladi: the economy of developing countries (developing countries’ economy — og‘ir).

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: asosiy otni toping. Qisqa aniqlovchilar — oldida, uzun qism — keyin. Ot + ot: oxirgisi asosiy, oldingisi birlikda.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Akademik matn

The rapid development of information technology in the last two decades has transformed the way people communicate. The increasing use of social media platforms among young people has raised serious concerns about privacy and mental health. A recent government report on digital safety suggests that a long-term national strategy is needed.

Matndagi har bir ot birikmasining asosiy otini toping.

Yangilik sarlavhalari

Gazeta sarlavhalarida ot birikmalari juda qisqartirilgan bo‘ladi:

• City Council Budget Cuts Anger ResidentsShahar kengashining byudjetni qisqartirishi aholini g‘azablantirdi
• New School Safety Rules AnnouncedMaktab xavfsizligining yangi qoidalari e’lon qilindi
• Record Tourist Numbers in SamarkandSamarqandda rekord darajadagi sayyohlar soni

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Asosiy otni toping: the main causes of air pollution in big cities → causes
2. Tarjima qiling: the rising cost of living in Tashkent → Toshkentda yashash narxining oshishi
3. a walk of ten minutes → a ten-minute walk
4. a girl who is eight years old → an eight-year-old girl
5. Bitta birikmaga aylantiring: The government made a decision. It decided to build new schools. → the government’s decision to build new schools
6. Chet elda o‘qiyotgan talabalar soni → the number of students studying abroad
7. Uzoq muddatli reja → a long-term plan
8. Xatoni toping: The results of the experiment shows a clear trend. → The results of the experiment show a clear trend.

Qisqa xulosa

• Murakkab ot birikmasi — ko‘p ma’lumot bitta ot atrofida.
• Asosiy otni toping — fe’l unga moslashadi.
• Oldida: artikl, son, sifat, ot (aniqlovchi).
• Keyin: predlogli birikma, sifatdosh, infinitiv, that gap, aniqlovchi gap.
• Ot + ot: oxirgisi asosiy, oldingisi birlikda (shoe shop).
• Qo‘shma sifatlar: ten-minute, five-year-old, well-known, long-term.
• Tarjimada: oxiridan boshlang.