Phrasal Verbs — Frazali fe’llar: qoida va misollar

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Frazali fe’l (phrasal verb) — fe’l + kichik so‘z (up, off, out, on, down, back, after...) birlashib, ko‘pincha yangi ma’no bergan birikma.

I look at the picture.Rasmga qarayman. (look — qaramoq)
I look after my grandmother.Buvimga g‘amxo‘rlik qilaman. (look after — butunlay boshqa ma’no)
I give you a book.Sizga kitob beraman. (give — bermoq)
He gave up smoking.U chekishni tashladi. (give up — tashlamoq)

Ikki so‘zni alohida tarjima qilsangiz, ma’no chiqmaydi: look after — “orqasidan qaramoq” emas, “g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq”; give up — “tepaga bermoq” emas, “tashlamoq, voz kechmoq”.

O‘zbekchada ham shunga o‘xshash narsa bor: “ko‘tar” va “ko‘tarib chiq”, “o‘t” va “o‘tib ket”, “qo‘y” va “qo‘yib yubor”. Ko‘makchi fe’l asosiy fe’lning ma’nosini o‘zgartiradi.

Inglizchada bu birikmalar so‘zlashuvda juda ko‘p uchraydi. Ularsiz tabiiy, jonli nutq bo‘lmaydi. Filmlar, qo‘shiqlar, kundalik suhbatlar — hammasi frazali fe’llarga to‘la.

Tuzilishife’l + kichik so‘z (up, down, on, off, out, in, back, away, after, over)

Misolget up, turn off, look for, give up, find out

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

Eng kerakli 40 ga yaqin frazali fe’l.
Kichik so‘zning ma’nosi: up, down, out, off, on, back.
Ajraladigan va ajralmaydigan frazali fe’llar.
Olmosh bilan: turn it off.
Bir nechta ma’noli frazali fe’llar.
Mavzular bo‘yicha guruhlar va rasmiy muqobillar.

Eng kerakli frazali fe’llar

Kundalik tartib

Fe’l	Ma’nosi	Misol
wake up	uyg‘onmoq	I woke up late.
get up	o‘rnidan turmoq	I get up at 7.
get dressed	kiyinmoq	She got dressed quickly.
put on	kiymoq	Put on your coat.
take off	yechmoq	Take off your shoes.
turn on / off	yoqmoq / o‘chirmoq	Turn off the light.
go out	tashqariga chiqmoq	Let’s go out tonight.
come back	qaytib kelmoq	I’ll come back soon.
go to bed	yotmoq	I go to bed at 11.

Qidirish va topish

Fe’l	Ma’nosi	Misol
look for	qidirmoq	I’m looking for my keys.
find out	bilib olmoq	I found out the truth.
look up	(lug‘atdan) qidirmoq	Look up the word in a dictionary.
come across	tasodifan topmoq	I came across an old photo.

Odamlar va munosabatlar

Fe’l	Ma’nosi	Misol
look after	qaramoq, g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq	She looks after her mother.
take care of	g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq	Take care of yourself.
get on with	chiqishmoq	I get on with my boss.
grow up	ulg‘aymoq	I grew up in Fergana.
bring up	tarbiyalamoq	My grandparents brought me up.
fall out (with)	urishib qolmoq	They fell out last year.
break up	ajrashmoq	They broke up after two years.
look up to	hurmat qilmoq	I look up to my father.

Boshlash, davom ettirish, to‘xtatish

Fe’l	Ma’nosi	Misol
give up	tashlamoq, voz kechmoq	He gave up smoking.
go on	davom etmoq	Please go on.
carry on	davom ettirmoq	Carry on working.
set up	tashkil etmoq	She set up her own business.
put off	keyinga qoldirmoq	Don’t put off your homework.
call off	bekor qilmoq	They called off the match.
run out of	tugab qolmoq	We ran out of milk.

Telefon va aloqa

Fe’l	Ma’nosi	Misol
call back	qayta qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq	I’ll call you back.
hang up	go‘shakni qo‘ymoq	Don’t hang up!
hold on	kutib turmoq	Hold on, please.
pick up	olib ketmoq, ko‘tarmoq	I’ll pick you up at 5.
get through	bog‘lanmoq	I couldn’t get through to him.

Kichik so‘zning ma’nosi

Kichik so‘z ko‘pincha yo‘nalish yoki natija beradi. Buni bilsangiz, yangi frazali fe’llarni taxmin qilish osonlashadi.

upTepaga yoki to‘liq: stand up, eat up, clean up, fill up

downPastga yoki kamayish: sit down, slow down, calm down, write down

outTashqariga yoki tugash: go out, run out, find out, sell out

offAjralish yoki to‘xtash: take off, turn off, get off, call off

onDavom yoki yoqish: go on, turn on, carry on, put on

backQaytish: come back, call back, give back, pay back

awayUzoqlashish: go away, throw away, run away

Eat up your soup!Sho‘rvangni oxirigacha ich! (up — to‘liq)
Please calm down.Iltimos, tinchlaning. (down — kamayish)
The tickets are sold out.Chiptalar sotilib tugadi. (out — tugash)
Write down this number.Bu raqamni yozib oling. (down — qog‘ozga)
Can you give back my book?Kitobimni qaytarib bera olasizmi? (back — qaytish)
Throw away that old phone.U eski telefonni tashlab yuboring. (away — uzoqqa)

Ajraladigan va ajralmaydigan

Bu frazali fe’llarning eng muhim grammatik qoidasi.

Ajraladigan frazali fe’llar

Ko‘p frazali fe’llarda to‘ldiruvchi o‘rtada ham, oxirida ham turishi mumkin:

Turn off the TV.Televizorni o‘chiring.
Turn the TV off.Televizorni o‘chiring. (ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri)
Put on your coat. / Put your coat on.Paltongizni kiying.

Olmosh bilan — doim o‘rtada!

To‘ldiruvchi olmosh (it, them, him, her, me) bo‘lsa, u albatta o‘rtada turadi.

Ot bilanTurn off the TV. / Turn the TV off.

Olmosh bilanTurn it off. (Turn off it — xato!)

Turn it off.Uni o‘chiring.
Put them on.Ularni kiying.
I’ll pick you up at 5.Sizni soat 5 da olib ketaman.
Call me back, please.Iltimos, menga qayta qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
Write it down.Uni yozib oling.

Ajraladigan fe’llar: turn on / off, put on, take off, pick up, give back, call back, write down, look up, bring up, throw away, wake up (someone).

Ajralmaydigan frazali fe’llar

Ba’zi frazali fe’llar ajralmaydi — to‘ldiruvchi (hatto olmosh ham) doim oxirida turadi.

I’m looking for my keys.Kalitlarimni qidiryapman.
I’m looking for them.Ularni qidiryapman. (looking them for — xato)
She looks after her mother. → She looks after her.U onasiga qaraydi.
I get on with my boss. → I get on with him.Boshlig‘im bilan chiqishaman.
We ran out of milk.Sut tugab qoldi.

Ajralmaydigan fe’llar: look for, look after, get on with, run out of, come across, look up to, get on (the bus), get off (the bus).

Oson qoida: uchta so‘zdan iborat frazali fe’llar (get on with, run out of, look forward to) hech qachon ajralmaydi.

Bir nechta ma’noli frazali fe’llar

Bitta frazali fe’lning bir nechta ma’nosi bo‘lishi mumkin. Ma’no kontekstdan aniqlanadi.

The plane took off on time.Samolyot vaqtida ko‘tarildi. (take off — uchib ketmoq)
She took off her coat.U paltosini yechdi. (take off — yechmoq)
I’ll pick you up at 8.Sizni soat 8 da olib ketaman. (pick up — olib ketmoq)
Pick up that paper.U qog‘ozni ko‘tarib oling. (pick up — yerdan olmoq)
I picked up some Spanish in Spain.Ispaniyada biroz ispanchani o‘rganib oldim. (pick up — o‘rganib olmoq)
Prices went up.Narxlar oshdi. (go up — oshmoq)
He went up the stairs.U zinadan chiqdi. (go up — yuqoriga chiqmoq)

Bosqichma-bosqich

Yangi frazali fe’lni o‘rganish yo‘li:

Butun birikmani bitta so‘z deb yodlang: give up = tashlamoq.
Gap bilan yozing: I gave up sugar.
Ajralishini tekshiring: give it up (ajraladi).
O‘xshash fe’llar bilan guruhlang: turn on / turn off, put on / take off.

Misol: “Televizorni o‘chirib qo‘y.”

Frazali fe’l: o‘chirmoq → turn off.
To‘ldiruvchi: the TV (ot) → ikki xil bo‘lishi mumkin.

NatijaTurn off the TV. / Turn the TV off.

Misol: “Uni o‘chirib qo‘y.” (olmosh bilan)

To‘ldiruvchi: it (olmosh) → o‘rtada.

NatijaTurn it off.

Misol: “Biz shakardan qolib ketdik.” (tugab qoldi)

Frazali fe’l: tugab qolmoq → run out of (ajralmaydi).
Zamon: Past Simple → ran out of.

NatijaWe ran out of sugar.

Mavzu bo‘yicha

I woke up, got up and got dressed.Uyg‘ondim, turdim va kiyindim.
The plane took off on time.Samolyot vaqtida ko‘tarildi.
She took off her coat.U paltosini yechdi.
Can you pick up the kids?Bolalarni olib kela olasizmi?
Hurry up! We’re late.Shoshiling! Kechikdik.

Rasmiy muqobil

Frazali fe’llar so‘zlashuvda tabiiy. Rasmiy yozma ishda (insho, rasmiy xat) ko‘pincha bitta so‘zli sinonim ishlatiladi.

Frazali fe’l (so‘zlashuv)	Rasmiy sinonim
put off	postpone
find out	discover
give up	quit / abandon
go up	increase
go down	decrease
look into	investigate
set up	establish
call off	cancel
come back	return
put up with	tolerate

We had to put off the meeting.Yig‘ilishni keyinga qoldirishga to‘g‘ri keldi. (so‘zlashuv)
The meeting has been postponed.Yig‘ilish keyinga qoldirildi. (rasmiy)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~Turn off it.~~

✓ Turn it off.

Olmosh o‘rtada turadi.

✗ ~~I am looking my keys.~~

✓ I am looking for my keys.

Kichik so‘z ma’noni o‘zgartiradi.

✗ ~~I’m looking them for.~~

✓ I’m looking for them.

look for ajralmaydi.

✗ ~~Put on it.~~

✓ Put it on.

Olmosh o‘rtada.

✗ ~~We ran out milk.~~

✓ We ran out of milk.

run out of — uchta so‘z.

✗ ~~She looks after of her mother.~~

✓ She looks after her mother.

after dan keyin of yo‘q.

✗ ~~I get on my boss.~~

✓ I get on with my boss.

get on with — chiqishmoq.

✗ ~~Give up to smoke.~~

✓ Give up smoking.

give up + -ing.

✗ ~~Pick up me at 5.~~

✓ Pick me up at 5.

Olmosh o‘rtada.

✗ ~~I grew in Fergana.~~

✓ I grew up in Fergana.

grow up — ulg‘aymoq.

Eslab qoling: frazali fe’lni bitta so‘z deb yodlang. Olmosh bo‘lsa — o‘rtada: turn it off, pick me up.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ertalabki suhbat

— Wake up! It’s 7 o’clock!— Tur! Soat 7 bo‘ldi!
— Just five more minutes...— Yana besh daqiqa...
— No! Get up now. And turn off your alarm!— Yo‘q! Hozir tur. Budilnigingni o‘chir!
— OK, OK. Where are my socks? I’m looking for them.— Mayli, mayli. Paypog‘im qani? Qidiryapman.
— Here they are. Put them on and hurry up.— Mana. Kiy va shoshil.
— Can you pick me up after school?— Darsdan keyin meni olib keta olasizmi?
— Yes, I’ll pick you up at 3.— Ha, soat 3 da olib ketaman.

Kichik matn

I grew up in a small village. My grandparents brought me up because my parents worked in the city. Every morning my grandmother woke me up at six. I looked after the chickens and helped in the garden. When I was eighteen, I set up a small shop. At first I wanted to give up, but my grandfather said: “Carry on! Don’t give up!” Now my business is successful, and I look up to him more than anyone.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Please ___ the light. (o‘chirmoq) → turn off
I’m ___ my glasses. Have you seen them? (qidirmoq) → looking for
She ___ her children alone. (tarbiyalamoq) → brought up
We’ve ___ bread. Can you buy some? (tugab qoldi) → run out of
Paltongizni yeching. → Take off your coat. / Take your coat off.
Uni kiying (kurtkani). → Put it on.
U chekishni tashladi. → He gave up smoking.
Xatoni toping: Can you pick up me at the station? → Can you pick me up at the station?

Qisqa xulosa

Frazali fe’l = fe’l + kichik so‘z = ko‘pincha yangi ma’no.
Birikma sifatida yodlang: give up = tashlamoq, look after = g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq.
Kichik so‘z yo‘nalish beradi: up (to‘liq), down (kamayish), out (tugash), off (to‘xtash), back (qaytish).
Ajraladiganlar: olmosh o‘rtada — turn it off, pick me up.
Ajralmaydiganlar: look for, look after, run out of, get on with.
Bir frazali fe’lning bir nechta ma’nosi bo‘lishi mumkin: take off.
Rasmiy yozuvda bitta so‘zli sinonim: put off → postpone.