Gradable and Extreme Adjectives
Darajali va kuchli sifatlar
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Sifatlar ikki turga bo‘linadi:
- Oddiy (darajalanadigan) sifatlar — ularni darajalash mumkin: biroz sovuq, juda sovuq, nihoyatda sovuq. Masalan: cold, good, big, tired.
- Kuchli (ekstremal) sifatlar — ular o‘zida “juda”ni saqlaydi: freezing = “juda sovuq”, exhausted = “juda charchagan”, huge = “juda katta”.
Shuning uchun very freezing — mantiqsiz: bu “juda-juda sovuq” bo‘lib qoladi. Kuchli sifatlar bilan boshqa kuchaytiruvchilar ishlatiladi: absolutely freezing.
- It’s very cold today.Bugun juda sovuq. (oddiy sifat + very)
- It’s absolutely freezing!Dahshatli sovuq! (kuchli sifat + absolutely)
Bu sifatlarni bilish nutqni boy qiladi. Very good o‘rniga excellent, very tired o‘rniga exhausted, very big o‘rniga huge deyish — tabiiyroq va ta’sirliroq. Imtihonlarda (IELTS Speaking) bu lug‘at boyligi sifatida baholanadi.
| Oddiy sifat | Kuchli sifat |
|---|---|
| good | excellent, wonderful, fantastic, brilliant |
| bad | terrible, awful, horrible, dreadful |
| big | huge, enormous, gigantic |
| small | tiny, minute |
| tired | exhausted |
| cold | freezing |
| hot | boiling |
| hungry | starving |
| angry | furious |
| funny | hilarious |
| interesting | fascinating |
| surprised | astonished, amazed |
| scared / afraid | terrified |
| beautiful | gorgeous, stunning |
| dirty | filthy |
| clean | spotless |
| happy | delighted, thrilled |
| sad | devastated, heartbroken |
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Oddiy va kuchli sifatlar farqi.
- Qaysi kuchaytiruvchi qaysi sifat bilan keladi.
- quite, fairly, rather, pretty — yumshatuvchilar.
- quite ning ikki ma’nosi.
- Tabiiy so‘z birikmalari: highly successful, bitterly cold.
- Britaniyacha yumshatish va eng ko‘p xatolar.
Qaysi so‘z bilan keladi?
| Kuchaytiruvchi | Oddiy sifat | Kuchli sifat |
|---|---|---|
| very | ✓ very cold | ✗ |
| extremely | ✓ extremely good | ✗ |
| a bit / slightly | ✓ a bit tired | ✗ |
| absolutely | ✗ | ✓ absolutely freezing |
| completely / totally | ✗ | ✓ completely exhausted |
| really | ✓ really cold | ✓ really freezing |
| quite | ✓ (ancha) | ✓ (mutlaqo) |
- It’s very cold today.Bugun juda sovuq.
- It’s absolutely freezing!Dahshatli sovuq!
- The film was extremely good.Film nihoyatda yaxshi edi.
- The film was absolutely fantastic.Film mutlaqo ajoyib edi.
- I’m a bit tired.Biroz charchadim.
- I’m completely exhausted.Butunlay holdan toydim.
- The house is really big. / The house is really huge.Uy juda katta. (really — ikkalasi bilan)
Taqqoslab ko‘ring
- I’m very hungry.Qornim juda och.
- I’m absolutely starving!Qornim dahshatli och!
- She was very angry.U juda jahldor edi.
- She was absolutely furious.U g‘azabdan tutoqib ketdi.
- The joke was very funny.Hazil juda kulgili edi.
- The joke was absolutely hilarious!Hazil nihoyatda kulgili edi!
Yumshatuvchilar: quite, fairly, rather, pretty
Bu so‘zlar oddiy sifatning kuchini kamaytiradi — “ancha, o‘rtacha, biroz”.
- The test was fairly easy.Test o‘rtacha oson edi.
- The hotel was quite nice.Mehmonxona ancha yaxshi edi.
- It’s rather expensive for a small flat.Kichik kvartira uchun ancha qimmat. (salbiy ohang)
- That’s pretty good!Bu ancha yaxshi! (norasmiy)
Kuchi bo‘yicha: fairly < quite < rather / pretty < very < extremely.
quite ning ikki ma’nosi
quite — eng qiziq so‘z, chunki u sifat turiga qarab ikki xil ma’no beradi:
- It’s quite good.Ancha yaxshi. (oddiy sifat)
- It’s quite impossible.Mutlaqo imkonsiz. (kuchli sifat)
- You’re quite right.Siz mutlaqo haqsiz.
- I’m quite sure.Men to‘liq aminman.
- The film was quite interesting.Film ancha qiziqarli edi.
So‘z birikmalari (collocations)
Ba’zi ravish va sifatlar doim birga keladi — ular tabiiy eshitiladi. Ularni juftlik sifatida yodlang.
| Ravish | Sifatlar | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| highly | successful, recommended, likely, qualified | a highly successful company |
| deeply | concerned, disappointed, moved, grateful | I’m deeply grateful. |
| bitterly | cold, disappointed | It was bitterly cold. |
| fully | aware, booked, prepared | I’m fully aware of the risks. |
| totally / completely | different, wrong, new, free | It’s totally different. |
| seriously | ill, injured, damaged | He was seriously injured. |
| perfectly | normal, safe, clear | It’s perfectly safe. |
| widely | known, used, available | It’s widely used. |
- This book is highly recommended.Bu kitob qat’iy tavsiya etiladi.
- She was deeply disappointed.U chuqur umidsizlikka tushdi.
- It was bitterly cold in January.Yanvarda achchiq sovuq edi.
- The hotel is fully booked.Mehmonxona to‘liq band.
- He was seriously injured in the accident.U avariyada og‘ir jarohatlandi.
Very recommended, strongly cold — noto‘g‘ri birikmalar.
Bosqichma-bosqich
Kuchaytiruvchini tanlash:
- Sifatni tekshiring: u o‘zida “juda” ma’nosini saqlaydimi?
- Saqlamasa (oddiy): very, extremely, quite, a bit.
- Saqlasa (kuchli): absolutely, completely, totally.
- Ikkalasiga ham: really.
- It’s really cold. / It’s really freezing.Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri
- I’m very tired. / I’m absolutely exhausted.Juda charchadim
Misol: “Ovqat juda mazali edi!” (kuchli)
- Kuchli sifat — delicious (o‘zi “juda mazali”).
- Kuchaytiruvchi: absolutely yoki really.
Misol: “Ikkinchi imtihon ancha qiyin edi.”
- Oddiy sifat — difficult. Ancha → quite / fairly / pretty.
Britaniyacha yumshatish
Britaniyaliklar o‘z fikrlarini yumshatib aytishni yaxshi ko‘radi. Ular quite, not very, a bit kabi so‘zlarni ko‘p ishlatadi va bu so‘zlarning haqiqiy ma’nosi ba’zan kuchliroq bo‘ladi.
| Aytilgan | Haqiqiy ma’no |
|---|---|
| It’s not very good. | Bu yomon. |
| It’s not bad. | Bu ancha yaxshi. |
| I’m a bit disappointed. | Men juda xafa bo‘ldim. |
| That’s quite interesting. | (ohangga qarab) Qiziq emas. |
So‘zlashuvda va yozuvda
So‘zlashuvda kuchli sifatlar his-tuyg‘u va hayajon ifodalaydi:
- That’s amazing!Ajoyib!
- I’m starving!Juda ochman!
- This place is huge!Bu joy juda katta!
- The weather is awful.Ob-havo dahshatli.
Ilmiy va rasmiy yozuvda bu sifatlardan kam foydalaning — aniq raqam va faktlar kuchliroq: The temperature dropped to −20°C (absolutely freezing emas).
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ very freezing
✓ absolutely freezing
Kuchli sifat bilan very kelmaydi.
✗ absolutely cold
✓ very cold
absolutely faqat kuchli sifat bilan.
✗ very excellent
✓ absolutely excellent
excellent kuchli sifat.
✗ very huge
✓ absolutely huge / really huge
huge kuchli sifat.
✗ a bit exhausted
✓ completely exhausted
Kuchli sifat bilan a bit kelmaydi.
✗ extremely fantastic
✓ absolutely fantastic
fantastic kuchli sifat.
✗ very delicious
✓ absolutely delicious / really delicious
delicious kuchli sifat.
✗ strongly recommended (umumiy)
✓ highly recommended
Tabiiy birikma — highly.
✗ very impossible
✓ quite / completely impossible
impossible — mutlaq sifat.
Eslab qoling: oddiy sifat — very, kuchli sifat — absolutely, ikkalasi — really. very excellent, very huge — noto‘g‘ri.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ta’tildan qaytgandan keyin
- — How was your holiday in Turkey?— Turkiyadagi ta’tilingiz qanday o‘tdi?
- — Absolutely wonderful! The hotel was gorgeous.— Mutlaqo ajoyib! Mehmonxona juda chiroyli edi.
- — And the weather?— Ob-havo-chi?
- — It was boiling — about 40 degrees!— Dahshatli issiq edi — 40 darajacha!
- — Was the food good?— Ovqat yaxshi edimi?
- — Really delicious. But the flight back was awful — I’m completely exhausted.— Juda mazali. Lekin qaytish parvozi dahshatli edi — butunlay holdan toydim.
IELTS Speaking javobi
I’d like to describe a fascinating place I visited last year — the Registan in Samarkand. The buildings are absolutely stunning, and the blue tiles are really beautiful. It was bitterly cold when I went, but I was so excited that I didn’t care. The guide was highly knowledgeable and his stories were hilarious. I was deeply impressed by the history. I would highly recommend it to anyone.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- I’m ___ hungry. (oddiy) → very / really
- I’m ___ starving! (kuchli) → absolutely / really
- The film was ___ good. (o‘rtacha) → fairly / quite / pretty
- You’re ___ right. (mutlaqo) → quite / absolutely
- Bu mehmonxona qat’iy tavsiya etiladi. → This hotel is highly recommended.
- Qorong‘i tushganda dahshatli sovuq bo‘ldi. → When it got dark, it was absolutely freezing.
- U butunlay holdan toygan edi. → She was completely exhausted.
- Xatoni toping: The view was very fantastic. → The view was absolutely fantastic.
Qisqa xulosa
- Oddiy sifatlar (cold, good, big) — very, extremely, quite, a bit bilan.
- Kuchli sifatlar (freezing, excellent, huge) — absolutely, completely, totally bilan.
- really — ikkalasi bilan ham.
- Yumshatuvchilar: fairly < quite < rather / pretty.
- quite + oddiy = ancha; quite + kuchli = mutlaqo.
- Tabiiy birikmalar: highly recommended, deeply grateful, bitterly cold, fully aware.
- very excellent, very huge, absolutely cold — noto‘g‘ri.