Nominalisation

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bola gapiradi: “Odamlar ko‘p mashina haydaydi, shuning uchun havo iflos bo‘ladi.” Olim yozadi: “Avtomobillardan foydalanishning ko‘payishi havoning ifloslanishiga olib keladi.”

Ikkinchi gapda fe’llar (haydaydi, iflos bo‘ladi) otlarga (foydalanish, ko‘payish, ifloslanish) aylandi. Bu otlashtirish (nominalisation) deyiladi.

• Prices rose quickly.Narxlar tez oshdi. (oddiy — fe’l)
• The rapid rise in prices ...Narxlarning tez oshishi ... (rasmiy — ot)
• The company grew fast.Kompaniya tez o‘sdi.
• The fast growth of the company ...Kompaniyaning tez o‘sishi ...

Nima uchun bu kerak?

• Ixchamlik — bir fikrni qisqaroq ifodalaydi;
• Shaxssizlik — kim qilgani muhim emas, jarayon muhim;
• Bog‘lash — otlarni boshqa gaplar bilan bog‘lash oson;
• Rasmiylik — akademik, ilmiy va professional matnlarning belgisi.

Otlashtirish IELTS Writing, ilmiy maqolalar, hisobotlar va rasmiy xatlarda juda muhim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Otlashtirish nima va nima uchun kerak.
2. Ot yasovchi qo‘shimchalar: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity.
3. Oddiy va rasmiy uslub — qayta yozish.
4. Foydali tuzilmalar: the development of, an increase in.
5. Fe’l + ot birikmalari: make a decision, carry out research.
6. Haddan oshirmaslik va eng ko‘p xatolar.

Qanday qilib otga aylantirish mumkin?

Ingliz tilida fe’l va sifatlardan ot yasash uchun qo‘shimchalar ishlatiladi.

O‘zgarmaydigan so‘zlar

Ba’zi so‘zlar fe’l ham, ot ham — shakli o‘zgarmaydi:

• Prices increase. → an increase in pricesoshish
• People change. → a change in behaviouro‘zgarish
• Exports rise / fall. → a rise / fall in exportsoshish / kamayish
• They use technology. → the use of technologyfoydalanish

Oddiy va rasmiy uslub

O‘zgarishlar xaritasi

Oddiy gapni rasmiyga aylantirganda bir nechta narsa birga o‘zgaradi:

• Prices rose quickly. → a rapid rise in pricesravish → sifat
• Because it rained... → Due to the rain...because → due to
• ..., so pollution increased. → ..., which led to an increase in pollution.so → led to
• People use the internet... → The use of the internet...ega → of

Foydali tuzilmalar

Akademik yozuvda tez-tez uchraydigan otlashtirilgan iboralar:

• The development of technology has changed education.Texnologiyaning rivojlanishi ta’limni o‘zgartirdi.
• There has been a significant increase in prices.Narxlar sezilarli darajada oshdi.
• The lack of water is a serious problem.Suv tanqisligi jiddiy muammo.
• The introduction of new laws reduced crime.Yangi qonunlarning joriy etilishi jinoyatchilikni kamaytirdi.
• The importance of education cannot be overstated.Ta’limning ahamiyatini ortiqcha baholab bo‘lmaydi.
• A reduction in taxes would help small businesses.Soliqlarning kamaytirilishi kichik biznesga yordam berardi.

Fe’l + ot birikmalari

Otlashtirilgan so‘zlar ko‘pincha ma’lum fe’llar bilan birga keladi. Bu birikmalar tabiiy eshitiladi.

• The government made a decision to raise taxes.Hukumat soliqlarni oshirish haqida qaror qabul qildi.
• Scientists carried out research on climate change.Olimlar iqlim o‘zgarishi bo‘yicha tadqiqot o‘tkazishdi.
• Stress has a negative effect on health.Stress sog‘liqqa salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Oddiy gapni rasmiy qilamiz: Because prices rose quickly, people bought less.

1. Fe’lni otga aylantiring: rose → rise, bought → purchases.
2. Ravishni sifatga aylantiring: quickly → rapid.
3. Bog‘lovchini ot bilan almashtiring: because → due to / led to.

Misol: The city grew, and so traffic increased.

1. grew → growth; increased → increase.
2. and so → led to / resulted in.

Misol: Many young people can’t find jobs, which is a big problem.

1. can’t find jobs → unemployment (ot).
2. young people → youth / among young people.

Haddan oshirmang

Otlashtirish foydali, lekin me’yorida. Bir gapda ko‘p ot bo‘lsa, gap og‘ir va tushunarsiz bo‘lib qoladi.

• Please decide.Iltimos, qaror qiling. (tabiiy)
• Please make a decision regarding the determination ...Ortiqcha og‘ir uslub.

Maslahat: otlashtirishni me’yorida ishlating. Rasmiy yozuvda foydali, ammo so‘zlashuvda oddiy fe’l tabiiyroq eshitiladi. Agar gap tushunarsiz bo‘lsa — fe’lga qayting.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: fe’l → ot, ravish → sifat, because → due to, so → led to. Rasmiy yozuvda foydali, so‘zlashuvda — me’yorida.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS Writing — oddiydan rasmiyga

Oddiy versiya:

More and more people are moving to cities. Because of this, cities are getting bigger and the air is getting dirtier. The government should do something quickly.

Rasmiy versiya (otlashtirish bilan):

The migration of people to cities has led to the rapid expansion of urban areas. This growth has resulted in a significant increase in air pollution. Immediate action by the government is therefore essential.

Ilmiy hisobot parchasi

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep and academic performance. The analysis of the data showed a clear connection: a reduction in sleep led to a decline in exam results. The findings suggest that the introduction of later school start times could lead to an improvement in students’ achievement.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. develop → development; decide → decision
2. aware → awareness; able → ability
3. fail → failure; grow → growth
4. Rasmiy qiling: Prices rose sharply. → There was a sharp rise in prices.
5. Rasmiy qiling: They decided to close the factory. → Their decision to close the factory...
6. Rasmiy qiling: Because it rained heavily, the match was cancelled. → Due to heavy rain, the match was cancelled.
7. Texnologiyaning rivojlanishi hayotimizni o‘zgartirdi. → The development of technology has changed our lives.
8. Xatoni toping: There has been an increase of unemployment. → ... an increase in unemployment.

Qisqa xulosa

• Otlashtirish — fe’l / sifat → ot: grow → growth, decide → decision.
• Qo‘shimchalar: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance, -al, -ure, -th.
• Rasmiy uslubga o‘tishda: fe’l → ot, ravish → sifat, because → due to, so → led to.
• Foydali tuzilmalar: an increase in, the development of, the lack of, the effect of ... on.
• Fe’l + ot: make a decision, carry out research, have an effect on.
• Matnni ixcham, shaxssiz va rasmiy qiladi.
• Me’yorida ishlating — so‘zlashuvda fe’l tabiiyroq.