So, Such, Too, Enough

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Bu to‘rt so‘z ham darajani bildiradi, lekin har birining vazifasi boshqacha:

• so va such — his-tuyg‘uni kuchaytiradi: “Shunchalik yaxshi!”, “Shunday ajoyib kun!”
• too — “haddan oshiq, shuning uchun muammo bor”: “Haddan tashqari qimmat — ololmayman.”
• enough — “kerakli darajada, yetarli”: “Yoshi yetarli — haydashi mumkin.”

• It’s so hot today!Bugun shunchalik issiq!
• It’s such a hot day!Bugun shunday issiq kun!
• It’s too hot to go out.Tashqariga chiqish uchun haddan tashqari issiq.
• It’s warm enough to swim.Suzish uchun yetarlicha iliq.

Eng katta tuzoq: very shunchaki “juda”, too esa “juda ko‘p, bo‘lmaydi”. O‘zbekchada ikkalasi ham ko‘pincha “juda” deb aytiladi, shuning uchun adashtiriladi.

• This coffee is very hot, but I can drink it.Bu qahva juda issiq, lekin icha olaman. (shunchaki daraja)
• This coffee is too hot. I can’t drink it.Bu qahva haddan tashqari issiq. Icha olmayman. (muammo)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. so va such — qachon qaysi biri.
2. so ... that va such ... that — natija gaplari.
3. too + sifat va too much / too many.
4. enough — sifatdan keyin, otdan oldin.
5. too va enough + to + fe’l.
6. for + kim va eng ko‘p xatolar.

so va such

so va such — ikkalasi ham “shunchalik, shunday” degani va kuchaytirish uchun ishlatiladi. Farqi — yonidagi so‘zda.

• She is so nice.U juda yoqimli.
• She is such a nice girl.U shunday yoqimli qiz.
• They are such good friends.Ular shunday yaxshi do‘stlar.
• You speak so fast!Siz shunchalik tez gapirasiz!
• It was such a long day!Shunday uzun kun bo‘ldi!

such + a / an

• Birlikdagi sanaladigan ot: such a / an — such a nice day, such an interesting book;
• Ko‘plik yoki sanalmaydigan ot: such (a siz) — such nice people, such good weather, such delicious food.

so much / so many

Otdan oldin miqdorni kuchaytirish uchun — so much (sanalmaydigan) va so many (sanaladigan):

• I have so much work!Ishim shunchalik ko‘p!
• There were so many people!Odam shunchalik ko‘p edi!

so ... that va such ... that — natija

so / such ko‘pincha that bilan natija gapini boshlaydi: “shunchalik ...ki, ...”.

• I was so tired that I fell asleep.Shunchalik charchadimki, uxlab qoldim.
• It was such a good film that I watched it twice.Shunday yaxshi film ediki, ikki marta ko‘rdim.
• The test was so difficult that nobody passed.Test shunchalik qiyin ediki, hech kim o‘tmadi.
• She is such a kind person that everyone loves her.U shunday mehribon insonki, hamma uni yaxshi ko‘radi.

So‘zlashuvda that ko‘pincha tushib qoladi: I was so tired I fell asleep.

too — haddan tashqari

too — “kerakdan ortiq, haddan tashqari” va doim salbiy ma’no: natijada muammo bor, biror narsani qilib bo‘lmaydi.

• This bag is too expensive. I can’t buy it.Bu sumka haddan tashqari qimmat. Ololmayman.
• You’re driving too fast! Slow down!Juda tez haydayapsiz! Sekinlang!
• I have too much work.Ishim juda ko‘p.
• There are too many people here.Bu yerda odam haddan tashqari ko‘p.
• I ate too much.Juda ko‘p yeb qo‘ydim.

Too much hot — xato. Sifatdan oldin faqat too: too hot. too much / too many — faqat otdan oldin yoki yolg‘iz.

enough — yetarli

enough — “yetarli, kerakli darajada”. Uning gapdagi joyi muhim:

• She is old enough to drive.Uning mashina haydashga yoshi yetgan.
• He isn’t tall enough to play basketball.Uning bo‘yi basketbol o‘ynashga yetmaydi.
• The room isn’t big enough for us.Xona biz uchun yetarlicha katta emas.
• We have enough chairs.Stullarimiz yetarli.
• Do you have enough money?Pulingiz yetarlimi?
• There isn’t enough time.Vaqt yetarli emas.
• You didn’t study hard enough.Yetarlicha qattiq o‘qimadingiz.

Enough old — xato. Sifat bilan enough — sifatdan keyin: old enough.

O‘rni muhim

too va enough + to + fe’l

too va enough ko‘pincha to + fe’l bilan keladi: “...ish uchun haddan tashqari / yetarli”.

• This bag is too heavy to carry.Bu sumka ko‘tarish uchun juda og‘ir.
• She is old enough to drive.Uning mashina haydashga yoshi yetgan.
• He’s too young to understand.U tushunish uchun juda yosh.
• I don’t have enough time to finish.Tugatishga vaqtim yetmaydi.
• The water is too dirty to drink.Suv ichish uchun juda iflos.

Ikki gapni bitta qilish

too va enough ikki gapni qisqa bitta gapga birlashtiradi:

• It was cold. We stayed in. → It was too cold to go out.Tashqariga chiqish uchun juda sovuq edi.
• She’s young. She can’t drive. → She isn’t old enough to drive.Uning yoshi haydashga yetmaydi.
• The box is heavy. I can’t lift it. → The box is too heavy for me to lift.Quti men ko‘tarishim uchun juda og‘ir.

too va not ... enough — ko‘pincha bir xil ma’noni beradi, faqat qarama-qarshi sifat bilan:

• He is too short to play basketball.U basketbol o‘ynash uchun juda past.
• He isn’t tall enough to play basketball.Uning bo‘yi basketbol o‘ynashga yetmaydi.

Kimga? — for + kim

Kim uchun haddan tashqari yoki yetarli ekanini aytish uchun for + kim qo‘shiladi:

• It’s too hard for me.Bu men uchun juda qiyin.
• This book is easy enough for children.Bu kitob bolalar uchun yetarlicha oson.
• The film is too scary for my son to watch.Film o‘g‘lim ko‘rishi uchun juda qo‘rqinchli.

Bosqichma-bosqich

So‘z tanlash uchun savollar:

1. Kuchaytirish (his-tuyg‘u)mi? → so (sifat) yoki such (sifat + ot).
2. Natija salbiymi, muammo bormi? → too.
3. Yetarlilik haqidami? → enough (sifatdan keyin, otdan oldin).

Misol: “Bu shunday qiziqarli kitob!”

1. Kuchaytirish + sifat + ot (kitob) → such.
2. Birlik, sanaladigan, interesting — unli → an.

Misol: “Choy ichish uchun juda issiq.”

1. Muammo (icha olmayman) → too.
2. too + sifat + to + fe’l.

Misol: “Uning yoshi saylovda ovoz berishga yetmaydi.”

1. Yetarli emas → not ... enough.
2. Sifat + enough: old enough. to + fe’l: to vote.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: so + sifat, such (a) + sifat + ot. too + sifat (muammo). Sifat + enough, enough + ot.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘konda

• — How about this jacket?— Bu kurtka-chi?
• — It’s such a nice colour, but it’s too small for me.— Rangi shunday chiroyli, lekin menga juda kichik.
• — Try the bigger one.— Kattarog‘ini kiyib ko‘ring.
• — Hmm, it’s big enough, but it’s too expensive.— Hmm, kattaligi yetarli, lekin juda qimmat.
• — Do you have enough money for the cheaper one?— Arzonrog‘iga pulingiz yetadimi?
• — Yes. Oh, it’s so comfortable! I’ll take it.— Ha. Voy, shunchalik qulay ekan! Shuni olaman.

Kichik matn

Last weekend we went to the mountains. It was such a beautiful day! The air was so fresh and clean. We wanted to swim in the lake, but the water was too cold. My little brother wasn’t strong enough to climb to the top, so we stopped halfway. We didn’t have enough food for everyone, but we had so much fun that nobody cared. It was such a great trip that we want to go again next month.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. The film was ___ boring that I fell asleep. → so
2. It was ___ boring film that I fell asleep. → such a
3. This box is ___ heavy for me to carry. → too
4. Is the room big ___ for five people? → enough
5. Bugun shunday ajoyib kun! → It’s such a wonderful day!
6. U haydash uchun juda yosh. → He’s too young to drive.
7. Bizda yetarli vaqt yo‘q. → We don’t have enough time.
8. Xatoni toping: She isn’t enough tall to be a model. → She isn’t tall enough to be a model.

Qisqa xulosa

• so + sifat / ravish: so hot, so fast.
• such (a / an) + sifat + ot: such a hot day, such nice people.
• so / such ... that — natija: It was so hot that we stayed in.
• too + sifat — haddan tashqari, muammo: too expensive.
• too much + sanalmaydigan, too many + sanaladigan.
• Sifat + enough (old enough), enough + ot (enough money).
• too / enough + to + fe’l: too cold to swim, old enough to drive.
• very — shunchaki “juda”, too — “haddan tashqari, bo‘lmaydi”.