Gerunds and Infinitives
-ing shakli va to + fe’l
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Fe’lni “niqoblash” mumkin — uni boshqa vazifada ishlatish uchun. Ingliz tilida buning ikki usuli bor:
- -ing qo‘shsangiz (gerund), fe’l otga aylanadi: Swimming is fun — “Suzish qiziq”. O‘zbekchadagi -ish kabi: o‘qish, yozish, suzish.
- to + fe’l (infinitive) ko‘proq maqsad yoki kelajakni ko‘rsatadi: I came to swim — “Suzish uchun keldim”.
- Swimming is good for your health.Suzish sog‘liq uchun foydali. (-ing — ot vazifasida)
- I went to the pool to swim.Suzish uchun basseynga bordim. (to — maqsad)
- I enjoy swimming.Suzishni yoqtiraman. (enjoy + -ing)
- I want to swim.Suzmoqchiman. (want + to)
A2 darajasida bu mavzu bilan tanishgan edik (“Fe’l qoliplari”). Endi uni chuqurroq o‘rganamiz. Ikki asosiy savol bor:
- Qaysi fe’ldan keyin -ing, qaysi biridan keyin to keladi?
- Qaysi fe’llarda ikkala shakl ham bo‘ladi va ma’no o‘zgaradi?
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- -ing (gerund) qachon ishlatiladi.
- to + fe’l (infinitive) qachon ishlatiladi.
- Fe’llar ro‘yxati: -ing guruhi va to guruhi.
- Ma’nosi o‘zgaradigan fe’llar: remember, forget, stop, try.
- Fe’l + kim + to: I want you to help.
- Mustahkam iboralar va eng ko‘p xatolar.
-ing (gerund) qachon keladi?
1. Gapning egasi sifatida
Fe’l gapning egasi bo‘lsa (nima? — o‘qish, chekish), odatda -ing ishlatiladi.
- Smoking is bad for you.Chekish zararli.
- Learning a language takes time.Til o‘rganish vaqt oladi.
- Reading before bed helps me sleep.Uxlashdan oldin o‘qish uxlashga yordam beradi.
- Walking in the park is relaxing.Bog‘da sayr qilish tinchlantiradi.
2. Predlogdan keyin — doim -ing
Bu istisnosiz qoida: predlogdan (in, on, at, of, for, about, without, before, after, by) keyin fe’l doim -ing shaklida.
- She is good at singing.U qo‘shiq aytishga usta.
- I’m interested in learning Chinese.Xitoy tilini o‘rganishga qiziqaman.
- Thank you for helping me.Yordam berganingiz uchun rahmat.
- He left without saying goodbye.U xayrlashmasdan ketdi.
- After finishing work, I went home.Ishni tugatgach, uyga ketdim.
- You can improve by practising every day.Har kuni mashq qilib yaxshilanishingiz mumkin.
look forward to — to bu yerda predlog!
Ba’zi iboralarda to — predlog (fe’l qismi emas). Shuning uchun undan keyin -ing keladi.
- I look forward to seeing you.Sizni ko‘rishni intiqlik bilan kutaman.
- I’m used to getting up early.Erta turishga ko‘nikkanman.
- She is committed to helping others.U boshqalarga yordam berishga sodiq.
3. Ma’lum fe’llardan keyin
| Fe’l | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| enjoy | zavqlanmoq | I enjoy cooking. |
| finish | tugatmoq | She finished writing the report. |
| mind | qarshi bo‘lmoq | Do you mind waiting? |
| avoid | qochmoq | He avoids eating sugar. |
| suggest | taklif qilmoq | I suggest leaving early. |
| keep | davom ettirmoq | Keep trying! |
| consider | o‘ylab ko‘rmoq | I’m considering moving abroad. |
| practise | mashq qilmoq | Practise speaking every day. |
| give up | tashlamoq | He gave up smoking. |
| can’t stand | toqat qilolmaslik | I can’t stand waiting. |
| miss | sog‘inmoq | I miss living with my parents. |
| admit | tan olmoq | He admitted stealing the money. |
| deny | inkor qilmoq | She denied breaking the window. |
| risk | tavakkal qilmoq | Don’t risk losing your job. |
to + fe’l (infinitive) qachon keladi?
1. Maqsad — “nima uchun?”
- I went out to buy bread.Non olgani chiqdim.
- She’s saving money to buy a car.U mashina olish uchun pul yig‘yapti.
- I called to say thank you.Rahmat aytish uchun qo‘ng‘iroq qildim.
2. Sifatdan keyin
It’s + sifat + to + fe’l — juda keng tarqalgan tuzilma.
- It’s important to sleep well.Yaxshi uxlash muhim.
- It’s easy to learn English online.Ingliz tilini onlayn o‘rganish oson.
- I’m happy to see you.Sizni ko‘rganimdan xursandman.
- She was surprised to hear the news.U yangilikni eshitib hayron bo‘ldi.
- It’s difficult to find a good job.Yaxshi ish topish qiyin.
3. Ma’lum fe’llardan keyin
| Fe’l | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| want | xohlamoq | I want to travel. |
| need | kerak bo‘lmoq | You need to rest. |
| decide | qaror qilmoq | We decided to stay. |
| hope | umid qilmoq | I hope to see you soon. |
| plan | rejalashtirmoq | They plan to marry in June. |
| promise | va’da bermoq | He promised to call. |
| agree | rozi bo‘lmoq | She agreed to help. |
| refuse | rad etmoq | He refused to answer. |
| learn | o‘rganmoq | I’m learning to drive. |
| manage | uddalamoq | We managed to finish on time. |
| offer | taklif qilmoq | She offered to help me. |
| afford | qurbi yetmoq | I can’t afford to buy a car. |
| pretend | o‘zini ...dek ko‘rsatmoq | He pretended to be asleep. |
| seem | tuyulmoq | She seems to be happy. |
4. So‘roq so‘zidan keyin
- I don’t know what to do.Nima qilishni bilmayman.
- Can you tell me how to get to the station?Vokzalga qanday borishni ayta olasizmi?
- She didn’t know where to go.U qayerga borishni bilmasdi.
Ikkalasi bilan — ma’no deyarli bir xil
like, love, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue — ham -ing, ham to bilan keladi va ma’no deyarli o‘zgarmaydi.
- It started raining. / It started to rain.Yomg‘ir yog‘a boshladi.
- I love reading. / I love to read.O‘qishni juda yaxshi ko‘raman.
- She continued working. / She continued to work.U ishlashda davom etdi.
would like, would love, would prefer dan keyin esa faqat to: I’d like to go.
Ma’nosi o‘zgaradigan fe’llar
Bu darsning eng muhim qismi. To‘rtta fe’l bor, ularda to va -ing butunlay boshqa ma’no beradi.
| Fe’l | to bilan | -ing bilan |
|---|---|---|
| remember | Remember to lock the door. (qilishni unutma) | I remember locking it. (qilganimni eslayman) |
| forget | I forgot to call. (qilmadim) | I’ll never forget meeting you. (bo‘lgan) |
| stop | He stopped to smoke. (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) | He stopped smoking. (chekishni tashladi) |
| try | Try to sleep. (harakat qil) | Try drinking milk. (sinab ko‘r) |
remember va forget mantiqi
to — kelajakka qaraydi (qilish kerak bo‘lgan ish), -ing — o‘tmishga (allaqachon bo‘lgan ish).
- Remember to buy milk.Sut olishni unutmang. (hali olinmagan)
- I remember buying milk.Sut olganimni eslayman. (olingan)
- I forgot to send the email.Xatni yuborishni unutibman. (yuborilmagan)
- I’ll never forget visiting Samarkand.Samarqandga borganimni hech qachon unutmayman. (borgan)
stop
- He stopped smoking last year.U o‘tgan yili chekishni tashladi. (endi chekmaydi)
- He stopped to smoke a cigarette.U sigaret chekish uchun to‘xtadi. (to‘xtab, chekdi)
- We stopped talking.Gapirishni bas qildik.
- We stopped to talk.Gaplashish uchun to‘xtadik.
try
- Try to open the window.Derazani ochishga harakat qiling. (qiyin, uringin)
- Try opening the window.Derazani ochib ko‘ring. (balki yordam beradi — sinov)
- I tried to call her, but she didn’t answer.Unga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishga urindim, lekin javob bermadi.
- If you can’t sleep, try drinking warm milk.Uxlay olmasangiz, iliq sut ichib ko‘ring.
Bosqichma-bosqich
Fe’ldan keyingi shaklni shu tartibda aniqlang:
- Predlogdan keyinmi? Doim -ing: good at swimming.
- Gap boshida egami? Odatda -ing: Swimming is good.
- Maqsad bildiradimi? to: I came to help.
- Sifatdan keyinmi? Odatda to: It’s easy to learn.
- Fe’ldan keyinmi? Ro‘yxatdan tekshiring.
- It’s important to sleep well.Yaxshi uxlash muhim. (sifat + to)
- I’m happy to see you.Sizni ko‘rganimdan xursandman.
- I went out to buy bread.Non olgani chiqdim. (maqsad)
- Learning a language takes time.Til o‘rganish vaqt oladi. (ega)
Misol: “Men chet elga ko‘chib o‘tishni o‘ylayapman.”
- Fe’l: consider → -ing guruhi.
- move → moving.
Misol: “Biz poyezdga ulgurdik.”
- uddalamoq → manage → to guruhi.
- catch → to catch.
Kim + to
Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin odam + to + fe’l keladi: “...ishini xohlayman”.
- I want you to help me.Yordam berishingizni xohlayman.
- She asked me to wait.U kutishimni so‘radi.
- My parents told me to study harder.Ota-onam ko‘proq o‘qishimni aytdi.
- I’d like you to meet my wife.Xotinim bilan tanishishingizni xohlardim.
- The doctor advised him to rest.Shifokor unga dam olishni maslahat berdi.
I want that you help me — xato (o‘zbekcha “...ishingizni” dan kelib chiqadi). To‘g‘ri: I want you to help me.
make va let dan keyin to yo‘q: She made me wait. Let me help.
Mustahkam iboralar
| Ibora | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| can’t help + -ing | ...masdan iloj yo‘q | I can’t help laughing. |
| It’s no use + -ing | ...ning foydasi yo‘q | It’s no use crying. |
| It’s worth + -ing | ...ga arziydi | This film is worth watching. |
| feel like + -ing | ...gisi kelmoq | I feel like going out. |
| be busy + -ing | ... bilan band | She is busy cooking. |
| spend time + -ing | ...ga vaqt sarflamoq | I spent two hours reading. |
| How about + -ing? | ...sak-chi? | How about going to the cinema? |
- I can’t help laughing when I see him.Uni ko‘rganimda kulmasdan iloj yo‘q.
- It’s no use crying — it won’t help.Yig‘lashning foydasi yo‘q — bu yordam bermaydi.
- Bukhara is worth visiting.Buxoroga borishga arziydi.
- I don’t feel like cooking tonight.Bugun kechqurun ovqat pishirgim kelmayapti.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ I suggest to go.
✓ I suggest going.
suggest dan keyin -ing.
✗ I am good at sing.
✓ I am good at singing.
Predlogdan keyin -ing.
✗ I look forward to see you.
✓ I look forward to seeing you.
Bu yerda to predlog.
✗ I want that you help me.
✓ I want you to help me.
want + odam + to.
✗ I enjoy to read.
✓ I enjoy reading.
enjoy + -ing.
✗ She decided going.
✓ She decided to go.
decide + to.
✗ I stopped to smoke. (tashladim ma’nosida)
✓ I stopped smoking.
Tashlash — stop + -ing.
✗ Remember locking the door! (kelajak)
✓ Remember to lock the door!
Kelajakdagi vazifa — to.
✗ It’s important sleep well.
✓ It’s important to sleep well.
Sifatdan keyin to.
✗ She made me to wait.
✓ She made me wait.
make dan keyin to yo‘q.
✗ I don’t know what do.
✓ I don’t know what to do.
So‘roq so‘zi + to.
Eslab qoling: predlogdan keyin — doim -ing. remember / forget / stop / try da to va -ing boshqa ma’no beradi.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Odatlar haqida
- — I want to stop eating sugar, but it’s so difficult!— Shakar yeyishni to‘xtatmoqchiman, lekin juda qiyin!
- — Have you tried drinking more water?— Ko‘proq suv ichib ko‘rdingizmi?
- — Yes. I also avoid buying sweets.— Ha. Shirinlik sotib olishdan ham qochaman.
- — Good! And remember to eat fruit instead.— Yaxshi! Buning o‘rniga meva yeyishni unutmang.
- — I can’t help thinking about chocolate!— Shokolad haqida o‘ylamasdan iloj yo‘q!
- — Keep trying. It’s worth doing.— Urinishda davom eting. Bunga arziydi.
Kichik matn
Last year I decided to learn Korean. At first I found it hard to remember the letters, but I kept practising every day. I’m now interested in watching Korean films without subtitles. My teacher suggested reading simple books. I’ll never forget understanding my first Korean song! I hope to visit Seoul next summer, and I’m looking forward to speaking with real Korean people.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- I enjoy ___ (read) detective stories. → reading
- She decided ___ (study) abroad. → to study
- He’s good at ___ (fix) computers. → fixing
- ___ (swim) is my favourite sport. → Swimming
- Eshikni qulflashni unutmang! → Remember to lock the door!
- U chekishni tashladi. → He stopped smoking.
- Ota-onam meni shifokor bo‘lishimni xohlashadi. → My parents want me to become a doctor.
- Xatoni toping: I’m looking forward to meet you. → I’m looking forward to meeting you.
Qisqa xulosa
- Predlogdan keyin doim -ing: good at singing, interested in learning.
- Ega sifatida -ing: Swimming is fun.
- Maqsad va sifatdan keyin — to: I came to help. It’s easy to learn.
- -ing fe’llari: enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest, keep, consider, give up.
- to fe’llari: want, need, decide, hope, plan, promise, agree, refuse, manage.
- remember, forget, stop, try — to va -ing bilan ma’no o‘zgaradi.
- want / ask / tell + odam + to: I want you to help.
- look forward to + -ing — to bu yerda predlog.