Given that, Insofar as

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Oddiy bog‘lovchilarni bilasiz: because, although, so, but. C1 darajasida esa rasmiy va aniqroq bog‘lovchilar kerak bo‘ladi. Ular akademik yozuvda, hisobotlarda, huquqiy hujjatlarda va IELTS Writingda sizning tilingizni yetuk ko‘rsatadi:

• given that — “...ni hisobga olsak”: Given that he’s only 16, his talent is amazing.
• insofar as / inasmuch as — “...ligi darajasida”, “...ekan”: The plan succeeded insofar as costs were reduced.
• whereby — “...ga ko‘ra”: a system whereby workers share profits.
• albeit — “garchi ... bo‘lsa-da”: a small, albeit important, change.
• provided that / providing — “...sa, ...sharti bilan”.
• notwithstanding — “...ga qaramay” (juda rasmiy).

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’nolar “...ni inobatga olsak”, “...ligi darajasida”, “...sharti bilan”, “garchi”, “...ga qaramasdan” kabi kitobiy iboralar bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. given that, seeing that, in view of — asos va sabab.
2. insofar as, inasmuch as — chegaralangan sabab.
3. provided that, assuming, on condition that — shart.
4. albeit, notwithstanding — to‘siqsizlik.
5. whereby, hence, thus, thereby — usul va natija.
6. Tinish belgilari va uslub.

given that, seeing that, in view of

Bu bog‘lovchilar ma’lum faktni asos qilib oladi: “...ni hisobga olsak”, “...ekan”.

• Given that he had no experience, he did remarkably well.Uning tajribasi yo‘qligini hisobga olsak, u ajoyib natija ko‘rsatdi.
• Given the circumstances, we had no choice.Vaziyatni hisobga olsak, bizning boshqa ilojimiz yo‘q edi.
• Seeing that you’re here, can you help me move this table?Shu yerda ekansan, bu stolni ko‘chirishga yordam berasanmi?
• In view of the bad weather, the match has been postponed.Yomon ob-havo sababli o‘yin keyinga qoldirildi.
• In light of recent events, the company has changed its policy.So‘nggi voqealar munosabati bilan kompaniya siyosatini o‘zgartirdi.

given that — IELTS Writingda juda foydali: Given that the population is ageing, governments must invest more in healthcare.

insofar as, inasmuch as

Bu ikkisi juda rasmiy va akademik. Ular sababni chegaralaydi: “...ligi darajasida”, “...ekan, shunchalik”.

insofar as — “...ligi darajasida”

• The plan was successful insofar as it reduced costs.Reja xarajatlarni kamaytirganligi darajasida muvaffaqiyatli bo‘ldi. (lekin boshqa jihatdan — yo‘q)
• I will help you insofar as I can.Qo‘limdan kelgancha sizga yordam beraman.
• Insofar as the data are reliable, they support the theory.Ma’lumotlar ishonchli ekan, ular nazariyani qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi.

inasmuch as — “...ekanligi sababli”

• He is responsible inasmuch as he knew about the problem.U muammo haqida bilgani sababli mas’uldir.
• The two cases are similar inasmuch as both involve children.Ikki ish bir-biriga o‘xshash, chunki ikkalasi ham bolalarga tegishli.

insofar as ko‘proq daraja (qay darajada), inasmuch as ko‘proq sabab (chunki) ma’nosiga moyil. Ikkalasi ham kamdan-kam ishlatiladi va juda kitobiy.

provided that, assuming, on condition that

Shart bildiruvchi rasmiy bog‘lovchilar — if ning aniqroq variantlari:

• You can borrow my car provided that you return it by Sunday.Yakshanbagacha qaytarish sharti bilan mashinamni olishing mumkin.
• She agreed to speak on condition that she remained anonymous.U ismi oshkor qilinmaslik sharti bilan gapirishga rozi bo‘ldi.
• Assuming everything goes well, we’ll finish next week.Hammasi yaxshi ketadi deb faraz qilsak, kelasi hafta tugatamiz.
• In the event of an emergency, call 103.Favqulodda holatda 103 ga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.

Diqqat: bu bog‘lovchilardan keyin kelajak haqida Present Simple: provided that you return (will return — xato).

albeit, notwithstanding — to‘siqsizlik

albeit — “garchi ... bo‘lsa-da”

albeit = although (it is / was). Undan keyin to‘liq gap emas, balki sifat, ravish yoki ibora keladi:

• The film was interesting, albeit a little too long.Film qiziq edi, garchi biroz uzun bo‘lsa-da.
• She accepted the offer, albeit with some hesitation.U biroz ikkilanish bilan bo‘lsa-da, taklifni qabul qildi.
• Prices have risen, albeit slowly.Narxlar oshdi, garchi sekin bo‘lsa-da.

notwithstanding — “...ga qaramay”

notwithstanding — despite ning juda rasmiy, huquqiy varianti. Otdan oldin ham, keyin ham kelishi mumkin:

• Notwithstanding the difficulties, the project was completed on time.Qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, loyiha o‘z vaqtida yakunlandi.
• The difficulties notwithstanding, the project was completed on time.(xuddi shu ma’no, ot oldin)

even so va be that as it may — “shunday bo‘lsa ham”:

• The hotel was expensive. Even so, we enjoyed our stay.Mehmonxona qimmat edi. Shunday bo‘lsa ham, bizga yoqdi.

whereby, hence, thus, thereby

whereby — “...ga ko‘ra”

whereby — tizim, kelishuv yoki jarayonni tasvirlaydi: “unga ko‘ra”, “uning yordamida”:

• They introduced a system whereby employees can work from home.Ular xodimlar uydan ishlashi mumkin bo‘lgan tizimni joriy qilishdi.
• It’s an agreement whereby both sides share the costs.Bu ikki tomon xarajatlarni bo‘lishadigan kelishuv.

hence, thus — “shuning uchun”, “demak”

hence va thus — therefore ning rasmiyroq variantlari:

• The roads were icy; hence the accident.Yo‘llar muzlagan edi — avariyaning sababi shu. (hence + ot — qisqa)
• The company reduced costs and thus increased profits.Kompaniya xarajatlarni kamaytirdi va shu tariqa foydani oshirdi.
• Prices rose sharply. Thus, demand fell.Narxlar keskin oshdi. Shuning uchun talab kamaydi.

hence dan keyin ko‘pincha ot keladi (hence the name — “nomi shundan”), thus dan keyin esa gap yoki -ing.

thereby — “shu tariqa”, “shu bilan”

thereby + -ing — oldingi harakatning natijasi:

• He sold his shares, thereby making a large profit.U aksiyalarini sotdi va shu tariqa katta foyda ko‘rdi.
• The new law protects forests, thereby reducing pollution.Yangi qonun o‘rmonlarni himoya qiladi va shu orqali ifloslanishni kamaytiradi.

Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot bog‘lovchilari

• The plan is cheap. Furthermore, it is easy to implement.Reja arzon. Bundan tashqari, uni amalga oshirish oson.
• He can’t boil an egg, let alone cook a meal.U tuxum qaynata olmaydi, ovqat pishirish u yoqda tursin.
• The hotel was dirty, not to mention noisy.Mehmonxona iflos edi, shovqinli ekanini aytmasa ham bo‘ladi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ma’lum faktni asos qilyapsizmi? → given that / in view of / in light of.
2. Sababni chegaralayapsizmi? → insofar as / inasmuch as.
3. Shart qo‘yyapsizmi? → provided that / on condition that / assuming.
4. To‘siqsizlik (qisqa ibora bilan)? → albeit + sifat / ravish.
5. Tizim yoki jarayon? → whereby; natija → thus / hence / thereby.
6. Uslubni tekshiring: so‘zlashuvda bu so‘zlar og‘ir eshitiladi.

Misol: “Uning yoshini hisobga olsak, natija ajoyib.”

1. Ma’lum fakt asos → given.

Misol: “Kech qolmaslik sharti bilan borishing mumkin.”

1. Shart → provided that.

Misol: “Bu muhim, garchi kichik bo‘lsa-da, o‘zgarish.”

1. To‘siqsizlik + sifat → albeit.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: given that + gap / given + ot; insofar as; provided that + Present Simple; albeit + sifat / ravish (gap emas); whereby — tizim; thereby + -ing; let alone + fe’l.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS insho

• Given that the world’s population is ageing, governments must invest more in healthcare.Dunyo aholisi qariyotganini hisobga olsak, hukumatlar sog‘liqni saqlashga ko‘proq sarmoya kiritishi kerak.
• Some countries have introduced schemes whereby older people can continue working part-time.Ba’zi davlatlar keksalar yarim stavkada ishlashni davom ettirishi mumkin bo‘lgan tizimlarni joriy etdi.
• This approach has been successful, albeit expensive.Bu yondashuv muvaffaqiyatli bo‘ldi, garchi qimmat bo‘lsa-da.
• Furthermore, it keeps older people active, thereby improving their health.Bundan tashqari, u keksalarni faol saqlaydi va shu orqali ularning sog‘lig‘ini yaxshilaydi.

Shartnoma

• The tenant may keep a pet provided that the landlord gives written permission.Ijarachi uy egasi yozma ruxsat bergan taqdirda uy hayvoni boqishi mumkin.
• In the event of damage, the tenant shall pay for repairs.Zarar yetkazilgan taqdirda ijarachi ta’mirlash uchun to‘laydi.
• Notwithstanding the above, the landlord may enter the property in an emergency.Yuqoridagilarga qaramay, uy egasi favqulodda holatda mulkka kirishi mumkin.

Kichik matn: “Shahar transporti” (hisobot)

In view of the rapid growth of Tashkent, the city introduced a new transport policy in 2022. Given that traffic had become a serious problem, the main aim was to encourage people to use public transport. A system was created whereby passengers could travel on buses and the metro with a single card. The policy has been successful insofar as the number of passengers has increased by 30%. Traffic has decreased, albeit slowly. Furthermore, new bus lanes have reduced journey times, thereby making public transport more attractive. Provided that investment continues, the situation is expected to improve further.

Matndagi rasmiy bog‘lovchilarni toping. Har birini oddiyroq so‘z bilan qanday almashtirish mumkin edi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Uning tajribasi yo‘qligini hisobga olsak, u yaxshi ishladi. → Given that he had no experience, he did well.
2. Ertaga qaytarish sharti bilan kitobni olishing mumkin. → You can take the book provided that you return it tomorrow.
3. Film qiziq edi, garchi uzun bo‘lsa-da. → The film was interesting, albeit long.
4. Xodimlar foydani bo‘lishadigan tizim → a system whereby employees share profits
5. U aksiyalarni sotdi va shu tariqa foyda ko‘rdi. → He sold the shares, thereby making a profit.
6. U yura olmaydi, yugurish u yoqda tursin. → He can’t walk, let alone run.
7. Qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, loyiha tugadi. (rasmiy) → Notwithstanding the difficulties, the project was completed.
8. Yomon ob-havo sababli o‘yin qoldirildi. → In view of the bad weather, the match was postponed.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Asos: given that + gap, given / in view of / in light of + ot; so‘zlashuvda seeing that.
• Chegaralangan sabab: insofar as, inasmuch as (juda rasmiy).
• Shart: provided / providing (that), on condition that, assuming, in the event of + Present Simple.
• To‘siqsizlik: albeit + sifat / ravish (gap emas!); notwithstanding; even so.
• Usul va natija: whereby (tizim), hence (+ ot), thus, thereby + -ing.
• Qo‘shimcha: furthermore, moreover, not to mention, let alone (+ fe’l).
• Bu so‘zlar rasmiy — so‘zlashuvda og‘ir eshitiladi.