Word Formation
So‘z yasalishi
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Ingliz tilida bitta so‘z “ildizi”dan qo‘shimchalar yordamida ko‘plab yangi so‘zlar yasaladi. Masalan, happy (baxtli) so‘zidan:
- unhappy — baxtsiz (oldi qo‘shimcha — prefiks)
- happiness — baxt (orqa qo‘shimcha — suffiks)
- happily — baxtli ravishda
- unhappiness — baxtsizlik
O‘zbek tilida ham xuddi shunday: baxt → baxtli → baxtsiz → baxtsizlik. Ingliz tilida esa qo‘shimchalar so‘z oldiga ham, so‘z oxiriga ham qo‘shiladi.
So‘z yasalishini bilish ikki sababga ko‘ra juda foydali:
- Notanish so‘zning ma’nosini taxmin qilish mumkin: rewrite — qayta yozmoq, careless — e’tiborsiz.
- Bitta so‘zni bilsangiz, uning butun oilasini ishlata olasiz: employ, employer, employee, employment, unemployed.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Inkor prefikslari: un-, dis-, in- / im- / il- / ir-.
- Boshqa prefikslar: re-, mis-, pre-, over-.
- Ot yasovchi suffikslar: -ness, -ment, -tion, -er / -or, -ity.
- Sifat yasovchi suffikslar: -ful, -less, -able, -ous, -al, -y.
- Ravish va fe’l yasash: -ly, -en, -ise.
- So‘z oilalari va imlo qoidalari.
Inkor prefikslari
Bu prefikslar so‘zga teskari yoki inkor ma’no beradi. Qaysi biri qo‘llanishini lug‘atdan bilish kerak, lekin ba’zi qonuniyatlar bor.
| Prefiks | Misollar | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|---|
| un- | unhappy, unkind, unusual, unlock | -siz, -mas, teskari |
| dis- | dislike, disagree, dishonest, disappear | teskari harakat, inkor |
| in- | incorrect, incomplete, invisible | -siz, noto‘g‘ri |
| im- (b, m, p dan oldin) | impossible, impolite, impatient | -siz, mumkin emas |
| il- (l dan oldin) | illegal, illogical | noqonuniy, mantiqsiz |
| ir- (r dan oldin) | irregular, irresponsible | noto‘g‘ri, mas’uliyatsiz |
- The film was unbelievable.Film aql bovar qilmas darajada edi.
- I disagree with you.Men siz bilan rozi emasman.
- Your answer is incorrect.Javobingiz noto‘g‘ri.
- It’s impossible to finish this today.Buni bugun tugatish imkonsiz.
- Parking here is illegal.Bu yerda mashina qo‘yish noqonuniy.
- “Go” is an irregular verb.“Go” noto‘g‘ri fe’l.
- She’s very impatient.U juda sabrsiz.
Qoida: im- — b, m, p dan oldin (impossible, immature); il- — l dan oldin (illegal); ir- — r dan oldin (irregular). Lekin bu qoida har doim ham ishlamaydi: unpopular, unlucky — un- bilan.
Boshqa muhim prefikslar
| Prefiks | Ma’nosi | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| re- | qayta, yana | rewrite, redo, rebuild, return |
| mis- | noto‘g‘ri | misunderstand, misspell, mistake |
| pre- | oldin | preview, prepay, preschool |
| over- | haddan ortiq | oversleep, overeat, overwork |
| under- | yetarli emas, past | underpaid, underestimate |
| inter- | o‘rtasida, xalqaro | international, interview |
| ex- | sobiq | ex-wife, ex-president |
- Please rewrite this paragraph.Iltimos, bu xatboshini qayta yozing.
- I think you misunderstood me.Menimcha, meni noto‘g‘ri tushundingiz.
- I overslept and missed the bus.Uxlab qolib, avtobusdan qoldim.
- Nurses are often underpaid.Hamshiralarga ko‘pincha kam maosh to‘lanadi.
- She works for an international company.U xalqaro kompaniyada ishlaydi.
Ot yasovchi suffikslar
Sifatdan ot
| Suffiks | Misollar |
|---|---|
| -ness | happy → happiness, kind → kindness, dark → darkness, ill → illness |
| -ity | possible → possibility, popular → popularity, active → activity |
| -ence / -ance | different → difference, important → importance, patient → patience |
Fe’ldan ot
| Suffiks | Misollar |
|---|---|
| -ment | develop → development, agree → agreement, enjoy → enjoyment |
| -tion / -sion | inform → information, decide → decision, educate → education |
| -ance | perform → performance, appear → appearance |
Odamni bildiruvchi otlar
| Suffiks | Misollar |
|---|---|
| -er | teach → teacher, drive → driver, play → player |
| -or | act → actor, visit → visitor, direct → director |
| -ist | art → artist, science → scientist, tour → tourist |
| -ian | music → musician, library → librarian |
| -ee | employ → employee (ishchi), interview → interviewee |
- Money can’t buy happiness.Pul bilan baxtni sotib olib bo‘lmaydi.
- We need more information.Bizga ko‘proq ma’lumot kerak.
- Thank you for your kindness.Mehribonligingiz uchun rahmat.
- The development of the city is very fast.Shaharning rivojlanishi juda tez.
- What’s the difference between them?Ularning farqi nimada?
- My uncle is a famous scientist.Amakim mashhur olim.
Sifat yasovchi suffikslar
| Suffiks | Ma’nosi | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| -ful | -li, to‘la | helpful, careful, beautiful, useful |
| -less | -siz | helpless, careless, useless, homeless |
| -able / -ible | ...sa bo‘ladigan | comfortable, washable, possible |
| -ous | -li | dangerous, famous, nervous |
| -al | -iy, -viy | national, musical, traditional |
| -y | -li | sunny, rainy, healthy, dirty |
| -ive | -kor, -li | creative, active, attractive |
-ful va -less — qarama-qarshi juftlik:
- This book is very useful.Bu kitob juda foydali.
- This old phone is useless.Bu eski telefon yaroqsiz.
- Be careful! The floor is wet.Ehtiyot bo‘ling! Pol ho‘l.
- That was a careless mistake.Bu e’tiborsizlik tufayli qilingan xato edi.
- The sofa is very comfortable.Divan juda qulay.
- It’s dangerous to swim here.Bu yerda suzish xavfli.
- It’s a sunny day.Quyoshli kun.
Diqqat: -ful da faqat bitta l: beautiful, helpful (beautifull — xato).
Ravish va fe’l yasash
| Suffiks | Nima yasaydi | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| -ly | sifatdan ravish | quick → quickly, careful → carefully, happy → happily |
| -en | sifatdan fe’l | wide → widen, short → shorten, dark → darken |
| -ise / -ize | otdan / sifatdan fe’l | modern → modernise, real → realise |
| -ify | fe’l | simple → simplify, class → classify |
- Please drive carefully.Iltimos, ehtiyot bo‘lib haydang.
- They want to widen the road.Ular yo‘lni kengaytirmoqchi.
- I didn’t realise it was so late.Bunchalik kech bo‘lganini sezmabman.
So‘z oilalari
Bitta ildizdan yasalgan so‘zlar oilasini birgalikda yodlash juda samarali:
| Fe’l | Ot (narsa) | Ot (odam) | Sifat | Ravish |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| employ | employment | employer / employee | (un)employed | — |
| create | creation / creativity | creator | creative | creatively |
| succeed | success | — | successful / unsuccessful | successfully |
| care | care | carer | careful / careless | carefully |
| decide | decision | — | decisive | decisively |
| act | action / activity | actor / actress | active | actively |
Imlo qoidalari
Suffiks qo‘shganda imlo o‘zgarishi mumkin:
- happy → happiness, happilyy → i (undosh + y)
- make → making, use → usableoxirgi e tushadi (unli bilan boshlanadigan suffiksdan oldin)
- care → careful, hope → hopelesse qoladi (undosh bilan boshlanadigan suffiksdan oldin)
- beauty + ful → beautifuly → i
Bosqichma-bosqich
Gapda bo‘sh joyga so‘zning to‘g‘ri shaklini qo‘yish (imtihonlarda juda ko‘p uchraydi):
- Bo‘sh joyda qaysi so‘z turkumi kerak? (the / a dan keyin — ot; to be dan keyin — sifat; fe’ldan keyin — ravish)
- Ma’no ijobiymi yoki salbiy? Salbiy bo‘lsa — prefiks (un-, dis-) yoki -less.
- Ko‘plik kerakmi? Ot bo‘lsa, -s ni tekshiring.
Misol: “He drove very ___ and had an accident. (CARE)”
- Fe’ldan keyin (drove) → ravish.
- Ma’no salbiy (avariya) → careless → carelessly.
Misol: “The ___ of the city surprised me. (BEAUTIFUL)”
- The dan keyin → ot.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ It’s unpossible.
✓ It’s impossible.
possible → impossible.
✗ I unagree with you.
✓ I disagree with you.
agree → disagree.
✗ Parking here is unlegal.
✓ Parking here is illegal.
l dan oldin il-.
✗ This knife is very helpless. (foydali ma’nosida)
✓ This knife is very useful.
-less — teskari ma’no.
✗ She is a very beautifull girl.
✓ She is a very beautiful girl.
-ful da bitta l.
✗ Thank you for your kind.
✓ Thank you for your kindness.
Ot kerak — -ness.
✗ He is a famous science.
✓ He is a famous scientist.
Odam — -ist.
✗ I need some informations.
✓ I need some information.
information sanalmaydi.
✗ She sings beautiful.
✓ She sings beautifully.
Fe’l bilan ravish.
✗ The happyness is important.
✓ Happiness is important.
y → i.
Eslab qoling: prefiks ma’noni o‘zgartiradi (un-, dis-, im-, re-, mis-); suffiks so‘z turkumini o‘zgartiradi (-ness, -ment, -tion — ot; -ful, -less, -able, -ous — sifat; -ly — ravish).
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ish suhbatida
- — Tell me about your strengths.— Kuchli tomonlaringiz haqida gapirib bering.
- — I’m hard-working, creative and very organised.— Men mehnatkash, ijodkor va juda tartibliman.
- — Have you ever been unemployed?— Hech ishsiz qolganmisiz?
- — Yes, for a short time. But I used that time usefully — I took an international course.— Ha, qisqa muddat. Lekin o‘sha vaqtdan foydali foydalandim — xalqaro kurs o‘tdim.
- — That shows real responsibility.— Bu haqiqiy mas’uliyatni ko‘rsatadi.
Do‘st bilan
- — I’m so unhappy with my new phone.— Yangi telefonimdan umuman mamnun emasman.
- — Why? It looks beautiful.— Nega? Chiroyli ko‘rinadi-ku.
- — Yes, but the battery is useless. And the camera is disappointing.— Ha, lekin batareyasi yaroqsiz. Kamerasi ham hafsalani pir qiladi.
- — Take it back. That’s unacceptable!— Qaytarib ber. Bu mutlaqo qabul qilib bo‘lmaydi!
Kichik matn: “Muvaffaqiyat siri”
My grandfather was a very successful businessman. People often asked him about the secret of his success. He always said, “Be patient, be honest, and never be careless with money.” He believed that impatience and dishonesty were the biggest mistakes a person could make. He was also very generous — he gave money to homeless people and helped many unemployed young people find work. His kindness made him famous in our town. Today I try to follow his advice carefully.
Matndagi har bir yasalgan so‘zni toping va uning ildizini va qo‘shimchasini ajrating: success + ful, care + less, im + patience...
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- happy → baxt (ot) → happiness
- possible → imkonsiz → impossible
- agree → rozi bo‘lmaslik → disagree
- help → foydali (sifat) → helpful
- care → e’tiborsiz → careless
- write → qayta yozmoq → rewrite
- develop → rivojlanish (ot) → development
- art → rassom (odam) → artist
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.
Qisqa xulosa
- Prefikslar ma’noni o‘zgartiradi: un-, dis-, in- / im- / il- / ir- (inkor), re- (qayta), mis- (noto‘g‘ri), over- (ortiqcha).
- Ot yasovchilar: -ness, -ity, -ment, -tion, -ence; odam: -er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ee.
- Sifat yasovchilar: -ful / -less, -able, -ous, -al, -y, -ive.
- Ravish: -ly; fe’l: -en, -ise, -ify.
- Imlo: y → i (happiness), oxirgi e ba’zan tushadi (making).
- So‘zlarni oila bo‘lib yodlang: employ, employer, employee, employment, unemployed.