Each other

Oddiy qilib aytganda

each other — “bir-birini”, “bir-biriga”. U ikki yoki undan ortiq odam bir-biriga nisbatan bir xil harakat qilganini bildiradi:

Aziz and Lola love each other. — Aziz va Lola bir-birlarini sevishadi. (Aziz Lolani sevadi, Lola Azizni sevadi.)

one another ham xuddi shu ma’noni beradi, lekin u biroz rasmiyroq.

Bu so‘zlarni -selves bilan tugaydigan o‘zlik olmoshlaridan (themselves, ourselves) ajrata bilish juda muhim. Ular butunlay boshqa ma’noga ega:

They looked at each other. — Ular bir-birlariga qarashdi. (A → B, B → A) They looked at themselves in the mirror. — Ular ko‘zguda o‘zlariga qarashdi. (A → A, B → B)

O‘zbekchada bu farq “bir-biri” va “o‘zi” so‘zlari bilan aniq ko‘rinadi, shuning uchun tarjimada ehtiyot bo‘lsangiz, xato qilmaysiz.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. each other — bir-birini.
2. one another — rasmiyroq sinonim.
3. each other’s — egalik shakli.
4. Predloglar bilan: to each other, with each other.
5. each other va themselves farqi.
6. Qaysi fe’llar each other ni talab qilmaydi (meet, marry, kiss).

each other — bir-birini

each other gapda to‘ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi. U ega bo‘la olmaydi.

• We love each other.Biz bir-birimizni sevamiz.
• They don’t understand each other.Ular bir-birlarini tushunishmaydi.
• My sister and I help each other with homework.Singlim va men uy vazifasida bir-birimizga yordam beramiz.
• The two teams respect each other.Ikki jamoa bir-birini hurmat qiladi.
• Do you and your brother call each other often?Siz va akangiz bir-biringizga tez-tez qo‘ng‘iroq qilasizmi?
• We’ve known each other for ten years.Biz bir-birimizni o‘n yildan beri taniymiz.

Diqqat: ega sifatida Each other loves — xato. Ega doim odamlar bo‘ladi: They love each other.

one another — rasmiyroq

one another ma’nosi each other bilan deyarli bir xil. Ba’zi grammatika kitoblarida each other — ikki kishi, one another — ko‘p kishi uchun deyiladi, lekin hozirgi tilda bu qoidaga qat’iy amal qilinmaydi.

• The students helped one another.Talabalar bir-birlariga yordam berishdi.
• People should respect one another.Odamlar bir-birini hurmat qilishi kerak.
• The members of the group trust one another.Guruh a’zolari bir-biriga ishonishadi.

So‘zlashuvda each other ancha ko‘p ishlatiladi. one another ko‘proq rasmiy matnlarda, nutqlarda va kitoblarda uchraydi.

each other’s — bir-birining

Egalik ma’nosi uchun ’s qo‘shiladi:

• We often wear each other’s clothes.Biz ko‘pincha bir-birimizning kiyimlarimizni kiyamiz.
• They didn’t know each other’s names.Ular bir-birlarining ismlarini bilishmasdi.
• The children held each other’s hands.Bolalar bir-birlarining qo‘llaridan ushlashdi.
• We visit each other’s homes at weekends.Dam olish kunlari bir-birimizning uyimizga boramiz.

Diqqat: each others yoki each others’ — xato. To‘g‘ri shakl faqat bitta: each other’s.

Predloglar bilan

each other ko‘pincha predlogdan keyin keladi. Predlog fe’lga bog‘liq: talk to, look at, agree with, think about.

• The two cats are afraid of each other.Ikki mushuk bir-biridan qo‘rqadi.
• We don’t have any secrets from each other.Bizning bir-birimizdan sirimiz yo‘q.
• They live very close to each other.Ular bir-birlariga juda yaqin yashashadi.

each other va themselves farqi

Bu darsning eng muhim qismi. Rasmlarda tasavvur qiling:

• At the party, the guests introduced themselves.Ziyofatda mehmonlar o‘zlarini tanishtirishdi.
• Then the hosts introduced the guests to each other.Keyin uy egalari mehmonlarni bir-birlari bilan tanishtirishdi.
• Help yourselves to some cake!Tortdan oling, marhamat! (o‘zingizga oling)
• Help each other!Bir-biringizga yordam beringlar!

Qaysi fe’llar each other siz ishlatiladi?

Ba’zi fe’llar o‘zi “bir-biri bilan” degan ma’noni o‘z ichiga oladi. Ular bilan each other ko‘pincha kerak emas:

• We met in 2015.Biz 2015-yilda tanishganmiz. (met each other — ham to‘g‘ri, lekin kamroq)
• They got married last year.Ular o‘tgan yili turmush qurishdi.
• They kissed and said goodbye.Ular o‘pishib xayrlashishdi.
• The two cars crashed.Ikki mashina to‘qnashdi.
• My parents argue a lot.Ota-onam ko‘p tortishishadi.

Diqqat: They married each other — g‘alati eshitiladi; tabiiyroq: They got married. Lekin boshqa odamni aytsak: She married him.

Xuddi shunday, meet, fight, argue, kiss, hug fe’llari each other bilan ham, usiz ham to‘g‘ri — usiz biroz tabiiyroq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Harakat ikki tomonlamami? (A → B va B → A) → each other (yoki rasmiy one another).
2. Har kim o‘ziga qilyaptimi? → themselves / ourselves / yourselves.
3. Egalik kerakmi? (bir-birining) → each other’s.
4. Fe’ldan keyin predlog bormi? → predlog + each other (talk to each other).

Misol: “Biz bir-birimizga xat yozamiz.”

1. Ikki tomonlama → each other.
2. write to → predlog bilan.

Misol: “Bolalar yiqilib, o‘zlarini jarohatlab olishdi.”

1. Har kim o‘zini → themselves.

Misol: “Ular bir-birlarining telefon raqamlarini bilishmaydi.”

1. Egalik → each other’s.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: each other — bir-birini (A ↔ B); themselves — o‘zini (A ↺). Egalik — each other’s, -s qo‘shimchasiz ko‘plik yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Eski do‘stlar haqida

• — How long have you and Dilnoza known each other?— Siz va Dilnoza bir-biringizni qancha vaqtdan beri taniysizlar?
• — Since we were five! We live next door to each other.— Besh yoshimizdan beri! Biz qo‘shni yashaymiz.
• — Do you see each other every day?— Har kuni ko‘rishasizmi?
• — Almost. We often go to each other’s houses for dinner.— Deyarli. Ko‘pincha bir-birimiznikiga kechki ovqatga boramiz.
• — Do you ever argue?— Hech tortishasizlarmi?
• — Sometimes, but we never stay angry with each other for long.— Ba’zan, lekin bir-birimizdan uzoq xafa bo‘lib yurmaymiz.

Sinfda

• — Today you’re going to work in pairs. Please interview each other.— Bugun juft bo‘lib ishlaysizlar. Iltimos, bir-biringizdan intervyu oling.
• — Should we introduce ourselves first?— Avval o‘zimizni tanishtiraylikmi?
• — Yes. Tell each other your name and where you’re from.— Ha. Bir-biringizga ismingiz va qayerdan ekaningizni ayting.
• — Can we help each other with the questions?— Savollarda bir-birimizga yordam bersak bo‘ladimi?
• — Of course!— Albatta!

Kichik matn: “Egizaklar”

My cousins, Hasan and Husan, are twins. They look so much like each other that even their teachers can’t tell them apart. When they were little, they often wore each other’s clothes to confuse people. They do everything together: they study together, play football together and always sit next to each other in class. Of course, sometimes they argue and don’t talk to each other for a day or two. But they always say, “We can’t live without each other.” Last year they started university in different cities, and now they call each other every evening. They say they’ve learnt to look after themselves, but they still miss each other a lot.

Matnda each other, each other’s va themselves ni toping. Ular orasidagi ma’no farqini tushuntirib bering.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Biz bir-birimizni yaxshi tushunamiz. → We understand each other well.
2. Ular bir-birlariga yordam berishdi. → They helped each other.
3. Bolalar o‘zlarini ko‘zguda ko‘rishdi. → The children saw themselves in the mirror.
4. Biz bir-birimizning ota-onalarimizni taniymiz. → We know each other’s parents.
5. Ular soatlab bir-birlari bilan gaplashishdi. → They talked to each other for hours.
6. Ikki aka-uka bir-biriga juda o‘xshaydi. → The two brothers look very much like each other.
7. Mehmonlar o‘zlarini tanishtirishdi. → The guests introduced themselves.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• each other — bir-birini, bir-biriga: They love each other.
• one another — xuddi shu, biroz rasmiyroq.
• Egalik: each other’s (each others — xato).
• Predlog fe’lga bog‘liq: talk to, look at, agree with each other.
• each other (A ↔ B) va themselves (A ↺) — boshqa-boshqa ma’no.
• meet, get married, kiss, argue — ko‘pincha each other siz ham to‘g‘ri.
• each other gapda ega bo‘la olmaydi.