Had to, Didn’t have to
O‘tmishdagi majburiyat
Bu darsda
- Oddiy qilib aytganda
- had to — o‘tmishdagi majburiyat
- didn’t have to — “shart emas edi”
- couldn’t va wasn’t allowed to — o‘tmishdagi taqiq
- Ruxsat: was allowed to va could
- Savol va qisqa javob
- didn’t need to va needn’t have — qisqacha
- Bosqichma-bosqich
- Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
- Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
- O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Qisqa xulosa
Oddiy qilib aytganda
Hozirgi zamonda majburiyatni must va have to bilan aytamiz: I must go. I have to work. Lekin must ning o‘tgan zamon shakli yo‘q — musted degan so‘z mavjud emas. Shuning uchun o‘tmishdagi majburiyat faqat had to bilan aytiladi.
Yesterday I had to get up at five. — Kecha soat beshda turishimga to‘g‘ri keldi.
O‘zbekchada bu ma’no “...ishga to‘g‘ri keldi”, “...ishga majbur bo‘ldim”, “...ish kerak edi” kabi shakllar bilan beriladi. Inkor ma’nosi esa ikki xil bo‘lishi mumkin va bu yerda ehtiyot bo‘lish kerak:
- “Shart emas edi” (qilmasa ham bo‘lardi) → didn’t have to: I didn’t have to pay. It was free.
- “Mumkin emas edi” (taqiq) → couldn’t yoki wasn’t allowed to: We couldn’t talk during the exam.
Bu farq hozirgi zamondagi don’t have to va mustn’t farqiga o‘xshaydi. Faqat o‘tmishda mustn’t o‘rniga couldn’t / wasn’t allowed to ishlatiladi.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- had to — o‘tmishdagi majburiyat.
- didn’t have to — “shart emas edi”.
- couldn’t va wasn’t allowed to — o‘tmishdagi taqiq.
- was allowed to va could — o‘tmishdagi ruxsat.
- Savollar va qisqa javoblar.
- needn’t have done va didn’t need to farqi (qisqacha).
had to — o‘tmishdagi majburiyat
had to barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil: I / you / he / she / we / they had to. Undan keyin fe’l oddiy shaklda keladi.
| Hozirgi zamon | O‘tgan zamon |
|---|---|
| I must / have to go. | I had to go. |
| She has to work. | She had to work. |
| We must be careful. | We had to be careful. |
- I had to get up very early yesterday.Kecha juda erta turishimga to‘g‘ri keldi.
- She had to take a taxi because she was late.Kechikkani uchun u taksiga o‘tirishga majbur bo‘ldi.
- We had to wait for two hours at the airport.Aeroportda ikki soat kutishimizga to‘g‘ri keldi.
- The match was cancelled, so they had to go home.O‘yin bekor qilindi, shuning uchun ular uyga qaytishga majbur bo‘lishdi.
- My grandfather had to walk five kilometres to school.Bobom maktabga besh kilometr piyoda yurishlari kerak edi.
Diqqat: had to talaffuzda odatda /ˈhæt tə/ — d tovushi t ga o‘xshab eshitiladi.
Bilvosita gapda must → had to
Kimningdir gapini ko‘chirib aytganda ham must ko‘pincha had to ga aylanadi:
- “You must finish by Friday.” → He said I had to finish by Friday.“Juma kunigacha tugatishing kerak.” → U juma kunigacha tugatishim kerakligini aytdi.
- “We must leave now.” → She said they had to leave.“Hozir ketishimiz kerak.” → U ketishlari kerakligini aytdi.
didn’t have to — “shart emas edi”
didn’t have to — majburiyat yo‘q edi, xohlasangiz qilardingiz, xohlamasangiz yo‘q. Bu taqiq emas!
- I didn’t have to pay for the ticket. My friend gave it to me.Chiptaga pul to‘lashim shart emas edi. Uni do‘stim berdi.
- We didn’t have to wear a uniform at my school.Maktabimizda forma kiyish shart emas edi.
- She didn’t have to cook — we ordered pizza.U ovqat qilishi shart emas edi — pitsa buyurtma qildik.
- You didn’t have to bring a present, but thank you!Sovg‘a olib kelishingiz shart emas edi, lekin rahmat!
Oxirgi gap — juda tabiiy minnatdorchilik iborasi: You didn’t have to do that! — “Ovora bo‘lmasangiz ham bo‘lardi!”
Diqqat: hadn’t to yoki had not to deyilmaydi. Inkor faqat didn’t have to bilan yasaladi.
couldn’t va wasn’t allowed to — o‘tmishdagi taqiq
“Mumkin emas edi”, “ruxsat yo‘q edi” ma’nosida couldn’t yoki wasn’t / weren’t allowed to ishlatiladi. Ikkalasi deyarli bir xil, lekin wasn’t allowed to qoida yoki kimdir bergan taqiqni aniqroq ko‘rsatadi.
- We couldn’t use our phones in class.Darsda telefondan foydalana olmasdik.
- I wasn’t allowed to go out after dark.Qorong‘i tushgandan keyin ko‘chaga chiqishimga ruxsat yo‘q edi.
- Students weren’t allowed to leave before the bell.Talabalarga qo‘ng‘iroqdan oldin chiqib ketishga ruxsat berilmasdi.
- In the past, women couldn’t vote in many countries.O‘tmishda ko‘p davlatlarda ayollar ovoz bera olmasdi.
Ikki inkorni solishtiring
Bu jadval darsning eng muhim qismi:
| Gap | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| I didn’t have to wear a tie. | Galstuk taqishim shart emas edi (lekin mumkin edi). |
| I wasn’t allowed to wear a tie. | Galstuk taqishim mumkin emas edi (taqiq). |
| We didn’t have to stay. | Qolishimiz shart emas edi. |
| We couldn’t stay. | Qola olmadik / qolish mumkin emas edi. |
Ruxsat: was allowed to va could
O‘tmishdagi ruxsat ham ikki xil bo‘ladi:
- Umumiy ruxsat, odat → could yoki was allowed to: When I was sixteen, I could stay out until ten.
- Bitta aniq holat, ish bajarilgan → faqat was allowed to: Yesterday I was allowed to leave early.
- At my last job, we could work from home on Fridays.Oldingi ishimda juma kunlari uydan ishlay olardik.
- After the exam, we were allowed to go home.Imtihondan keyin uyga ketishimizga ruxsat berildi.
- My parents let me travel alone when I was eighteen.O‘n sakkiz yoshimda ota-onam yolg‘iz sayohat qilishimga ruxsat berishdi.
Savol va qisqa javob
Savol did bilan yasaladi, chunki have to oddiy fe’l kabi ishlaydi:
- Did you have to show your passport?Pasportingizni ko‘rsatishingizga to‘g‘ri keldimi?
- — Did she have to work last Sunday? — Yes, she did.— U o‘tgan yakshanba ishlashga majbur bo‘ldimi? — Ha.
- How long did you have to wait?Qancha kutishingizga to‘g‘ri keldi?
- Why did they have to move?Nega ular ko‘chib ketishga majbur bo‘lishdi?
- Were you allowed to take photos?Suratga olishga ruxsat berildimi?
Had you to...? — eskirgan va hozir deyarli ishlatilmaydi. Doim Did you have to...? deng.
didn’t need to va needn’t have — qisqacha
Bu ikki shakl ham “shart emas edi” degani, lekin farqi bor:
- I didn’t need to take an umbrella, so I left it at home.Soyabon olishim shart emas edi, shuning uchun uyda qoldirdim.
- I needn’t have taken an umbrella. It didn’t rain at all.Soyabon olmasam ham bo‘lardi. Umuman yomg‘ir yog‘madi. (lekin olgandim)
Batafsil — “Need” darsida.
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Majbur bo‘ldingizmi? → had to.
- Shart emasmidi? (qilsangiz ham, qilmasangiz ham bo‘lardi) → didn’t have to.
- Taqiq edimi? → couldn’t / wasn’t allowed to.
- Savolmi? → Did + ega + have to...?
Misol: “Biz imtihonda gaplasha olmasdik.”
- Bu taqiq — “mumkin emas edi”.
- didn’t have to emas → couldn’t yoki weren’t allowed to.
Misol: “Kecha men ishlashim shart emas edi — dam olish kuni edi.”
- Majburiyat yo‘q edi, taqiq emas.
Misol: “Nega u uyga erta ketishga majbur bo‘ldi?”
- O‘tmishdagi majburiyat haqida savol → Did ... have to.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ I musted go yesterday.
✓ I had to go yesterday.
must ning o‘tgan shakli yo‘q — had to.
✗ I must go to the doctor yesterday.
✓ I had to go to the doctor yesterday.
O‘tmishda must emas.
✗ She had to went home.
✓ She had to go home.
had to dan keyin fe’lning 1-shakli.
✗ I hadn’t to pay.
✓ I didn’t have to pay.
Inkor — didn’t have to.
✗ Had you to wait long?
✓ Did you have to wait long?
Savol — did bilan.
✗ We didn’t have to talk in the exam. (taqiq ma’nosida)
✓ We couldn’t talk in the exam.
Taqiq — couldn’t / wasn’t allowed to.
✗ Yesterday I could leave early. (ruxsat berildi)
✓ Yesterday I was allowed to leave early.
Bir martalik ruxsat — was allowed to.
✗ He had to working late.
✓ He had to work late.
-ing emas, oddiy fe’l.
✗ Did she had to work?
✓ Did she have to work?
did dan keyin have.
✗ They didn’t allowed to swim.
✓ They weren’t allowed to swim.
be allowed to — was / were bilan.
Eslab qoling: majbur bo‘ldim — had to; shart emas edi — didn’t have to; mumkin emas edi — couldn’t / wasn’t allowed to.
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
Ishdagi og‘ir kun
- — You look exhausted. What happened?— Juda charchagan ko‘rinasan. Nima bo‘ldi?
- — My boss was ill, so I had to do his work too.— Boshlig‘im kasal edi, shuning uchun uning ishini ham qilishimga to‘g‘ri keldi.
- — Did you have to stay late?— Kech qolishingga to‘g‘ri keldimi?
- — Yes, until nine. And I couldn’t even have lunch!— Ha, to‘qqizgacha. Hatto tushlik ham qila olmadim!
- — At least you didn’t have to work on Saturday.— Har qalay shanba kuni ishlashing shart emas edi.
Maktab haqida xotiralar
- — What was your school like?— Maktabingiz qanday edi?
- — Very strict. We had to wear a uniform and we weren’t allowed to have long hair.— Juda qattiqqo‘l edi. Forma kiyishimiz kerak edi, uzun soch qo‘yishga ruxsat yo‘q edi.
- — Really? At my school we didn’t have to wear a uniform.— Rostdanmi? Bizning maktabda forma kiyish shart emas edi.
- — Lucky you!— Omadingiz bor ekan!
Kichik matn: “Bobomning bolaligi”
My grandfather often tells me about his childhood. His family was poor, so he had to start working when he was only twelve. Every morning he had to feed the animals before school. Children weren’t allowed to speak at the dinner table, and they couldn’t go out without permission. But there were good things too: he didn’t have to do homework at weekends, and in summer he was allowed to sleep outside under the stars. “Life was hard,” he says, “but we were happy.”
Matndagi har bir had to, didn’t have to, couldn’t va was allowed to ni toping. Qaysilari majburiyat, qaysilari taqiq, qaysilari ruxsat?
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Kecha soat oltida turishimga to‘g‘ri keldi. → I had to get up at six yesterday.
- Chipta tekin edi, to‘lashimiz shart emas edi. → The ticket was free, so we didn’t have to pay.
- Bolaligimda kechasi ko‘chaga chiqishimga ruxsat yo‘q edi. → When I was a child, I wasn’t allowed to go out at night.
- Qancha kutishingizga to‘g‘ri keldi? → How long did you have to wait?
- U (qiz) taksiga o‘tirishga majbur bo‘ldi. → She had to take a taxi.
- Imtihonda lug‘atdan foydalana olmadik. → We couldn’t use dictionaries in the exam.
- Ovora bo‘lmasangiz ham bo‘lardi! → You didn’t have to do that!
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, testga o‘ting.
Qisqa xulosa
- must ning o‘tgan shakli yo‘q — o‘tmishdagi majburiyat had to bilan.
- had to + fe’lning 1-shakli, barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil.
- “Shart emas edi” — didn’t have to (hadn’t to emas).
- “Mumkin emas edi” — couldn’t yoki wasn’t / weren’t allowed to.
- Bir martalik ruxsat — was allowed to, umumiy ruxsat — could ham bo‘ladi.
- Savol: Did you have to...? — Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
- needn’t have done — qilingan, lekin keragi yo‘q edi.