Be to

Oddiy qilib aytganda

be to + fe’l — rasmiy uslubdagi maxsus tuzilma. U ikki asosiy ma’noda ishlatiladi:

1. Rasmiy reja, jadval, kelishuv: The President is to visit China next month. — Prezident kelasi oy Xitoyga tashrif buyurishi rejalashtirilgan.
2. Buyruq, ko‘rsatma, majburiyat: You are to report to the manager at 9 a.m. — Soat 9 da menejerga hisobot berishingiz kerak.

Bu tuzilmani ko‘pincha yangiliklarda, rasmiy e’lonlarda, qoidalarda, ko‘rsatmalarda uchratasiz. Kundalik suhbatda u kamroq ishlatiladi — u yerda going to, will, have to, must tabiiyroq.

O‘zbekchada bu ma’no “...ishi kerak”, “...ishi rejalashtirilgan”, “...ishi belgilangan”, “...sin” (buyruq) kabi shakllar bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. be to — rasmiy reja va jadval.
2. be to — buyruq va ko‘rsatma.
3. be not to — taqiq.
4. was / were to — o‘tmishdagi reja va taqdir.
5. if ... is to — shartli gapda “agar ... ishi kerak bo‘lsa”.
6. Gazeta sarlavhalarida be to.

Rasmiy reja va jadval

be to rasmiylar, tashkilotlar yoki hukumat tomonidan belgilangan kelajak voqealari haqida gapiradi.

• The President is to visit Samarkand next week.Prezident kelasi hafta Samarqandga tashrif buyuradi.
• The new bridge is to be opened in June.Yangi ko‘prik iyun oyida ochiladi.
• The two leaders are to meet in Geneva.Ikki rahbar Jenevada uchrashadi.
• The company is to close three of its factories.Kompaniya uchta zavodini yopadi.
• The wedding is to take place on 20 August.To‘y 20-avgustda bo‘lib o‘tadi.

Bu gaplarni going to bilan ham aytish mumkin, lekin be to ancha rasmiy eshitiladi va rasmiy qaror borligini ko‘rsatadi.

Gazeta sarlavhalarida

Sarlavhalarda is / are tushib qoladi va faqat to + fe’l qoladi:

• PRESIDENT TO VISIT INDIA= The President is to visit India. | Prezident Hindistonga tashrif buyuradi
• TAXES TO RISE IN JANUARY= Taxes are to rise in January. | Yanvarda soliqlar oshadi
• STAR TO MARRY FOOTBALLER= The star is to marry a footballer. | Yulduz futbolchiga turmushga chiqadi

Buyruq va ko‘rsatma

You are to... — rasmiy buyruq yoki ko‘rsatma. Odatda gapiruvchi hokimiyatga ega bo‘ladi: rahbar, o‘qituvchi, ota-ona, rasmiy hujjat.

• You are to report to reception at 9 a.m.Ertalab soat 9 da qabulxonaga kelishingiz kerak.
• All students are to wear a uniform.Barcha talabalar forma kiyishi shart.
• Candidates are to answer all the questions.Nomzodlar barcha savollarga javob berishi kerak.
• Your mother says you are to be home by ten.Onang sening o‘ngacha uyda bo‘lishing kerakligini aytdi.
• What am I to do?Men nima qilishim kerak?

Oxirgi gapga e’tibor bering: What am I to do? — “Endi nima qilay?” — ko‘pincha chorasizlik ma’nosida ham ishlatiladi.

Taqiq: be not to

• You are not to leave this room without permission.Ruxsatsiz bu xonadan chiqmang.
• Visitors are not to feed the animals.Tashrif buyuruvchilar hayvonlarni boqmasligi kerak.
• The children are not to play near the river.Bolalar daryo yaqinida o‘ynamasligi kerak.
• This medicine is not to be taken by children.Bu dori bolalarga berilmasin.

be to be + V3 — majhul shakl, yo‘riqnomalarda ko‘p uchraydi: The form is to be completed in black ink. — “Shakl qora siyohda to‘ldirilishi kerak.”

O‘tmishda: was / were to

O‘tmishdagi reja

was / were to + fe’l — o‘tmishda rejalashtirilgan voqea. U bajarilganmi yoki yo‘qmi — aniq emas.

• We were to meet at the station at six.Biz soat oltida vokzalda uchrashishimiz kerak edi.
• She was to become the first female director of the company.U kompaniyaning birinchi ayol direktori bo‘lishi kerak edi.

Amalga oshmagan reja: was to have + V3

Reja bajarilmaganini aniq aytish uchun was / were to have + V3 ishlatiladi:

• He was to have started work on Monday, but he fell ill.U dushanba kuni ishga kirishi kerak edi, lekin kasal bo‘lib qoldi.
• The concert was to have taken place yesterday, but it was cancelled.Konsert kecha bo‘lishi kerak edi, lekin bekor qilindi.

Taqdir: was to

Hikoyalarda was / were to keyinroq sodir bo‘lgan voqeani — taqdirni — bildiradi: “keyinchalik ...adi”, “taqdir uni ...ga yetakladi”.

• He left his village in 1950. He was never to return.U 1950-yilda qishlog‘ini tark etdi. U hech qachon qaytib kelmadi. (taqdir shunday ekan)
• At that time she didn’t know that she was to become a famous writer.O‘sha paytda u mashhur yozuvchi bo‘lishini bilmasdi.
• It was a decision that was to change his life forever.Bu uning hayotini butunlay o‘zgartiradigan qaror edi.

Bu uslub adabiy va tarixiy matnlarda keng uchraydi.

Shart gaplarda: if ... is to

if + be to — “agar ... ishi kerak bo‘lsa”, “agar ... ni istasak”. Bu shart maqsad ma’nosini beradi.

• If we are to catch the train, we must leave now.Agar poyezdga ulgurmoqchi bo‘lsak, hozir chiqishimiz kerak.
• If you are to succeed, you need to work harder.Agar muvaffaqiyatga erishmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, qattiqroq ishlashingiz kerak.
• If the project is to be finished on time, we need more people.Loyiha o‘z vaqtida tugashi uchun bizga ko‘proq odam kerak.

be to va boshqa shakllarni solishtiring

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Rasmiy reja yoki e’lonmi? (hukumat, tashkilot, to‘y sanasi) → be to.
2. Rasmiy buyruq yoki qoidami? → You are (not) to...
3. O‘tmishdagi reja bajarilmadimi? → was / were to have + V3.
4. Hikoyada keyingi taqdirmi? → was / were to + fe’l.
5. Kundalik suhbatmi? → going to / have to tabiiyroq.

Misol: “Vazir kelasi oy iste’foga chiqadi.” (rasmiy xabar)

1. Rasmiy reja → be to.

Misol: “Siz bu hujjatni hech kimga ko‘rsatmasligingiz kerak.” (buyruq)

1. Rasmiy taqiq → are not to.

Misol: “U yana bir bor uni ko‘rishi kerak emas edi.” (taqdir)

1. Hikoya, taqdir → was never to.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: be to = rasmiy reja (The President is to visit...) yoki buyruq (You are to...). O‘tmishda bajarilmagan reja — was to have + V3. Kundalik nutqda — going to.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ish joyida

• — Good morning. I’m the new employee.— Xayrli tong. Men yangi xodimman.
• — Welcome! You are to report to Mr Karimov on the third floor.— Xush kelibsiz! Siz uchinchi qavatdagi janob Karimovga borishingiz kerak.
• — Thank you. Am I to start today?— Rahmat. Bugundan boshlashim kerakmi?
• — Yes. And please remember: employees are not to use their personal phones during meetings.— Ha. Va esingizda bo‘lsin: xodimlar yig‘ilishlarda shaxsiy telefonlaridan foydalanmasligi kerak.
• — Understood.— Tushunarli.

Yangiliklarda

• — Have you heard? The government is to build a new airport near the city.— Eshitdingmi? Hukumat shahar yaqinida yangi aeroport quradi.
• — Really? When is it to open?— Rostdanmi? Qachon ochiladi?
• — In 2028. But the old airport was to have closed last year, and it’s still open!— 2028-yilda. Lekin eski aeroport o‘tgan yili yopilishi kerak edi, haligacha ochiq!
• — If the plan is to work this time, they’ll need a lot of money.— Agar bu safar reja amalga oshishi kerak bo‘lsa, ularga ko‘p pul kerak bo‘ladi.

Kichik matn: “Buvamning safari”

In 1965 my grandfather left Tashkent to study engineering in Moscow. He was to stay there for five years and then return home. But life had other plans. In his second year he met my grandmother, a young doctor from Kazan. They were to marry in the summer of 1968, but the wedding was to have taken place in Kazan, and her parents refused. So they married quietly in Moscow instead. At that time, my grandfather didn’t know that he was to become one of the most famous bridge engineers in the country. And the little flat where they first lived was to remain their favourite place for the rest of their lives.

Matndan was / were to ni toping. Qaysilari reja, qaysilari bajarilmagan reja, qaysilari taqdir ma’nosida?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Bosh vazir kelasi hafta Toshkentga tashrif buyuradi. (rasmiy) → The Prime Minister is to visit Tashkent next week.
2. Siz ertalab 8 da shu yerda bo‘lishingiz kerak. (buyruq) → You are to be here at 8 a.m.
3. Tashrif buyuruvchilar suratga olmasligi kerak. → Visitors are not to take photos.
4. Konsert kecha bo‘lishi kerak edi, lekin bekor qilindi. → The concert was to have taken place yesterday, but it was cancelled.
5. U hech qachon vataniga qaytmadi. (taqdir) → He was never to return to his homeland.
6. Agar g‘alaba qozonmoqchi bo‘lsak, ko‘proq mashq qilishimiz kerak. → If we are to win, we must train more.
7. Shakl qora siyohda to‘ldirilishi kerak. → The form is to be completed in black ink.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• be to + fe’l — rasmiy uslub.
• Rasmiy reja: The President is to visit China. Sarlavhalarda: PRESIDENT TO VISIT CHINA.
• Buyruq: You are to report at 9. Taqiq: You are not to leave.
• Majhul: be to be + V3: The form is to be signed.
• O‘tmishdagi reja: was / were to; bajarilmagan — was to have + V3.
• Taqdir (hikoyada): He was never to see her again.
• If + be to — “agar ... ishi kerak bo‘lsa”.
• Kundalik nutqda going to / have to tabiiyroq.