Leaving out who, which, that

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda (who, which, that) ba’zan bu so‘zni tushirib qoldirish mumkin. Og‘zaki nutqda bu juda ko‘p uchraydi:

The book that I bought is great. = The book I bought is great. (Men sotib olgan kitob ajoyib.)

Qoida bitta: who / which / that — ergash gapning to‘ldiruvchisi bo‘lsa (undan keyin boshqa ega kelsa), uni tushirib qoldirsa bo‘ladi. Egasi bo‘lsa — qoldirib bo‘lmaydi.

• The film (that) we watched was boring.Biz ko‘rgan film zerikarli edi.
• The girl (who) you saw is my sister.Siz ko‘rgan qiz — singlim.
• The man who called you is my boss.Sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qilgan odam — boshlig‘im. (who qoladi)
• Is this the phone (which) you wanted?Siz xohlagan telefon shumi?

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Ega va to‘ldiruvchi vazifasidagi who/which/that.
2. Qachon tushirib qoldirish mumkin.
3. Tekshirish usuli: keyingi so‘zga qarang.
4. Predlog bilan: the person I spoke to.
5. Vergulli (non-defining) gaplarda tushirib bo‘lmaydi.

Ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi?

Tekshirish usuli

who / which / that dan keyingi so‘zga qarang:

• The cake (that) my mum made was delicious.Onam pishirgan tort mazali edi. (keyin: my mum — ega)
• The cake that was on the table is gone.Stolda turgan tort yo‘qolibdi. (keyin: was — fe’l)

Predlog bilan

To‘ldiruvchi predlog bilan bo‘lsa — predlog oxirida qoladi, nisbiy olmosh tushadi:

• The person (who) I spoke to was very helpful.Men gaplashgan odam juda yordam berdi.
• This is the house (that) I grew up in.Bu men o‘sgan uy.
• The music (which) we listened to was beautiful.Biz tinglagan musiqa chiroyli edi.

Rasmiy uslubda: The person to whom I spoke... (B2 darsida).

Vergulli gaplarda — yo‘q

Non-defining (vergul bilan ajratilgan, qo‘shimcha ma’lumot) gaplarda nisbiy olmosh hech qachon tushmaydi va that ishlatilmaydi:

Rasmiy va norasmiy uslub

Aniqlovchi so‘zni (who, which, that) tushirish so‘zlashuvda juda tabiiy. Rasmiy matnda esa ko‘pincha saqlanadi:

• Is this the bag you lost?Bu sen yo‘qotgan sumkami?
• The people I work with are very friendly.Men birga ishlaydigan odamlar juda samimiy.
• Everything she said was true.U aytgan hamma narsa rost edi.

all, everything, something va orttirma dan keyin

Bu so‘zlardan keyin aniqlovchi so‘z deyarli doim tushiriladi yoki that ishlatiladi (which emas):

• All I want is a cup of tea.Mening xohlaganim — bir piyola choy.
• Everything you need is in the box.Sizga kerak bo‘lgan hamma narsa qutida.
• Is there anything I can do?Men qila oladigan biror narsa bormi?
• It’s the best film I’ve ever seen.Bu men ko‘rgan eng yaxshi film.
• The only thing I remember is his smile.Esimda qolgan yagona narsa — uning tabassumi.

Everything which you need — g‘alati; Everything (that) you need — tabiiy.

Qisqartirilgan aniqlovchi gaplar

Ega bo‘lgan who / which + be ham tushirilishi mumkin — keyin -ing yoki V3 qoladi:

• The girl sitting next to me is from Japan.Yonimda o‘tirgan qiz Yaponiyadan.
• The houses built in the 1960s are old now.1960-yillarda qurilgan uylar endi eski.
• People living in cities often feel stressed.Shaharlarda yashaydigan odamlar ko‘pincha stressni his qilishadi.

Batafsil — B2 darajasidagi “Participle Clauses” darsida.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. who / which / that dan keyin nima bor? Fe’l → qoldiring. Ega (ot, olmosh) → tushirish mumkin.
2. Vergul bormi? Bor → tushirmang.
3. Predlog bo‘lsa → oxirida qoldiring.

Misol: “The shoes that I bought yesterday are too small.”

1. that dan keyin: I (ega) → to‘ldiruvchi → tushadi.

Misol: “The teacher who teaches us English is from London.”

1. who dan keyin: teaches (fe’l) → ega → qoladi.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: who/which/that dan keyin ega kelsa — tushirish mumkin. Fe’l kelsa — qoldiring. Vergulli gapda — hech qachon.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stga xabar

Hi Lola! Remember the café we went to last week? I went there again today. The waiter who served us wasn’t there, but the new one was very nice. I ordered the cake you recommended – it was amazing! Also, I met the girl I told you about, the one who works at the library. She’s really friendly! The book she lent me is great too.

Do‘stlar bilan

• — Is this the restaurant you told me about?— Bu sen aytgan restoranmi?
• — Yes! It’s the best place I know for plov.— Ha! Men biladigan osh uchun eng yaxshi joy.
• — Who’s the man standing by the door?— Eshik yonida turgan odam kim?
• — That’s the owner. The food he makes is amazing.— U egasi. U pishiradigan ovqat ajoyib.
• — Everything I’ve tried here is delicious!— Bu yerda tatib ko‘rgan hamma narsam mazali!

Kichik matn: “Esdalik qutisi”

Yesterday I found an old box my grandmother gave me years ago. Inside, there were photos she took when she was young and letters my grandfather wrote to her. There was also a ring I had never seen before. The only thing I remember about it is a story she once told me — it was a present she got on her wedding day. Everything I found in that box made me cry. It’s the most precious thing I own.

Matnda aniqlovchi so‘zi tushirilgan gaplarni toping. Har birida qaysi so‘z (who, which, that) tushirilgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Qaysi gaplarda who/which/that ni tushirish mumkin?

1. The bag that I lost was red. → Mumkin
2. The man who stole the bag was caught. → Mumkin emas
3. The song which you sang was lovely. → Mumkin
4. Tuzating: The woman lives upstairs is a doctor. → The woman who lives upstairs...
5. Tuzating: The city I was born is very old. → The city I was born in...
6. Bu sen yo‘qotgan sumkami? → Is this the bag you lost?
7. Sizga kerak bo‘lgan hamma narsa shu yerda. → Everything you need is here.
8. Yonimda o‘tirgan qiz yaponiyalik. → The girl sitting next to me is Japanese.
9. Bu men ko‘rgan eng yaxshi film. → It’s the best film I’ve ever seen.

Qisqa xulosa

• who / which / that — to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, tushirish mumkin: the book (that) I read.
• Ega bo‘lsa — tushirib bo‘lmaydi: the man who lives here.
• Tekshirish: keyin fe’l → qoladi; keyin ega → tushishi mumkin.
• Predlog oxirida qoladi: the person I spoke to.
• Ortiqcha it, her, him qo‘shmang.
• Vergulli gaplarda — tushirilmaydi.