Advanced Negation

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Oddiy inkorni bilasiz: I don’t like it. There isn’t any milk. C1 darajasida esa inkorni kuchliroq, nozikroq va tabiiyroq ifodalashni o‘rganamiz. Bu darsda to‘rtta asosiy mavzu bor:

1. Kuchaytirilgan inkor: not a single, no ... whatsoever, not ... in the slightest — “birorta ham”, “zarracha ham”.
2. Yarim inkor so‘zlar: hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom — o‘zi inkor ma’noli, shuning uchun not bilan ishlatilmaydi.
3. Inkor ko‘chishi: I don’t think he’s right (≈ I think he isn’t right) — ingliz tilida inkor asosiy fe’lga ko‘chadi.
4. Ikki inkor: standart ingliz tilida bitta gapda faqat bitta inkor bo‘ladi.

O‘zbek tilida “hech kim kelmadi” — ikki inkor (hech + -ma-), va bu to‘g‘ri. Ingliz tilida esa Nobody didn’t come — xato; Nobody came yoki Somebody didn’t come. Bu farq C1 darajasida ham xatolarning asosiy manbai.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. not a single, not one, none at all.
2. no ... whatsoever, not ... in the slightest, by no means.
3. hardly, barely, scarcely — va hardly any / hardly ever.
4. Inkor ko‘chishi: I don’t think, I don’t expect.
5. Ikki inkordan qochish: nobody, nothing, never, neither.
6. Inkor prefikslari va ehtiyotkor inkor: not entirely, not exactly.

not a single, not one, none at all

not a single + birlikdagi ot — “birorta ham”. Bu not any dan ancha kuchli.

• There wasn’t a single person in the street.Ko‘chada birorta ham odam yo‘q edi.
• I didn’t make a single mistake!Birorta ham xato qilmadim!
• Not a single student passed the exam.Birorta ham talaba imtihondan o‘tmadi.
• Not one of them said thank you.Ularning birortasi ham rahmat demadi.
• — How many replies did you get? — None at all.— Nechta javob oldingiz? — Umuman yo‘q.

Not a single gap boshida ham kela oladi va bu juda kuchli urg‘u beradi.

no ... whatsoever, not ... in the slightest, by no means

Bu iboralar inkorni maksimal darajada kuchaytiradi:

• There is no evidence whatsoever that he was there.U o‘sha yerda bo‘lganiga hech qanday dalil yo‘q.
• I’m not in the slightest interested in football.Futbolga zarracha ham qiziqmayman.
• She wasn’t in the least tired after the walk.Sayrdan keyin u sira ham charchamagan edi.
• Learning Chinese is by no means impossible.Xitoy tilini o‘rganish aslo imkonsiz emas.
• The problem is far from solved.Muammo hal bo‘lishdan juda yiroq.

whatsoever faqat no / nothing / none / any dan keyin keladi va rasmiy ohangga ega.

hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom

Bu so‘zlar o‘zi inkor ma’noli: “deyarli ... emas”, “zo‘rg‘a”. Shuning uchun ular bilan not ishlatilmaydi.

• I can hardly hear you.Sizni deyarli eshitmayapman.
• She barely passed the exam.U imtihondan zo‘rg‘a o‘tdi.
• We had scarcely arrived when it started to rain.Biz endigina yetib kelgandik, yomg‘ir yog‘a boshladi.
• He seldom talks about his past.U o‘tmishi haqida kamdan-kam gapiradi.

Diqqat: I can’t hardly hear you — xato (ikki inkor). To‘g‘risi: I can hardly hear you.

hardly any, hardly ever, hardly anyone

hardly dan keyin any shakllari keladi (no emas):

• There’s hardly any milk left.Sut deyarli qolmadi.
• I hardly ever watch TV.Televizorni deyarli hech qachon ko‘rmayman.
• Hardly anyone came to the meeting.Yig‘ilishga deyarli hech kim kelmadi.
• She ate hardly anything.U deyarli hech narsa yemadi.

hardly no, hardly never — xato.

hardly va hard — butunlay boshqa so‘zlar: He works hard. (qattiq ishlaydi) / He hardly works. (deyarli ishlamaydi).

Inkor ko‘chishi

think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine fe’llari bilan inglizlar inkorni ergash gapga emas, asosiy fe’lga qo‘yishadi:

O‘zbekchada “U kelmaydi deb o‘ylayman” — inkor ergash gapda. Inglizchada esa I don’t think he’s coming — “U keladi deb o‘ylamayman”. Bu neg-raising (inkor ko‘chishi) deyiladi.

• I don’t think it will rain.Yomg‘ir yog‘maydi deb o‘ylayman.
• I don’t believe we’ve met.Biz tanishmaganmiz deb o‘ylayman.
• I don’t suppose you could help me?Menga yordam bera olmasangiz kerak, a? (muloyim iltimos)
• I don’t expect they’ll agree.Ular rozi bo‘lmasa kerak.
• I don’t imagine it was easy.Bu oson bo‘lmagan bo‘lsa kerak.

Qisqa javoblar: I hope not, I don’t think so

• — Will it rain? — I don’t think so. / I hope not.— Yomg‘ir yog‘adimi? — Menimcha yo‘q. / Umid qilamanki, yo‘q.
• — Is he angry? — I don’t believe so.— U jahldormi? — Menimcha yo‘q.
• — Will we be late? — I’m afraid so. / I’m afraid not.— Kechikamizmi? — Afsuski, ha. / Afsuski, yo‘q.

hope bilan inkor ko‘chmaydi: I hope he doesn’t come (I don’t hope he comes — xato). Qisqa javob: I hope not.

Ikki inkordan qochish

Standart ingliz tilida bitta gapda faqat bitta inkor so‘z bo‘ladi:

• Nobody knows the answer.Javobni hech kim bilmaydi.
• I didn’t say anything. = I said nothing.Men hech narsa demadim.
• We never eat meat.Biz hech qachon go‘sht yemaymiz.
• None of my friends came.Do‘stlarimdan hech biri kelmadi.

Qoida: not bo‘lsa — any- (anything, anyone, anywhere, ever); not bo‘lmasa — no- (nothing, no one, nowhere, never).

Og‘zaki nutqda va ba’zi dialektlarda I don’t know nothing eshitiladi, lekin bu standart emas va imtihonlarda xato hisoblanadi.

Ehtiyotkor inkor

Ba’zan inkorni yumshatish kerak — ayniqsa rasmiy yoki muloyim nutqda:

• I’m not entirely sure.Unchalik ishonchim komil emas.
• That’s not exactly what I meant.Men aynan buni nazarda tutmagan edim.
• It’s not particularly expensive.Bu unchalik qimmat emas.
• I’m not altogether happy with the result.Natijadan to‘liq mamnun emasman.
• He’s not the most reliable person.U eng ishonchli odam emas. (ya’ni: ishonchsiz)

Bunday understatement (kamaytirib aytish) ingliz madaniyatida juda keng tarqalgan: It’s not bad = ancha yaxshi; He’s not very clever = ahmoq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Inkorni kuchaytirish kerakmi? → not a single / no ... whatsoever / not in the slightest / by no means.
2. “Deyarli ... emas” ma’nosimi? → hardly / barely / scarcely (not siz) + any / ever.
3. think / believe / expect bilan inkor fikrmi? → I don’t think + bo‘lishli gap.
4. Gapda allaqachon inkor so‘z bormi? (nobody, never, nothing) → ikkinchi inkor qo‘shmang.
5. Yumshatish kerakmi? → not entirely / not exactly / not particularly.

Misol: “Men bu fikrga zarracha ham qiziqmayman.”

1. Kuchli inkor → not in the slightest.

Misol: “U keladi deb o‘ylamayman.”

1. think bilan inkor ko‘chadi → I don’t think.

Misol: “Yig‘ilishga deyarli hech kim kelmadi.”

1. hardly + anyone.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: bitta gapda bitta inkor; hardly / barely / scarcely + any / ever (not siz); I don’t think + bo‘lishli; kuchaytirish — not a single, whatsoever, in the slightest, by no means.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ishdagi muammo

• — Did anyone reply to your email?— Xatingizga kimdir javob berdimi?
• — Not a single person! I sent it to fifty clients.— Birorta ham odam! Ellikta mijozga yuborgandim.
• — That’s strange. I don’t think it went into their spam folder.— G‘alati. Spam papkasiga tushgan deb o‘ylamayman.
• — I checked. There’s no problem whatsoever with the system.— Tekshirdim. Tizimda hech qanday muammo yo‘q.
• — Well, people hardly ever read emails on Fridays.— Nima ham derdik, odamlar juma kunlari xatlarni deyarli o‘qishmaydi.

Rasmiy javob

• Dear Mr Karimov,Hurmatli janob Karimov,
• I am not entirely satisfied with the service I received.Men olgan xizmatdan to‘liq mamnun emasman.
• The delivery was late, and none of the items were in the correct size.Yetkazib berish kechikdi va mahsulotlardan birortasi ham to‘g‘ri o‘lchamda emas edi.
• I have no intention whatsoever of paying for the replacement.Almashtirish uchun to‘lash niyatim umuman yo‘q.

Kichik matn: “Tog‘dagi kecha”

Last winter my friends and I got lost in the mountains. By evening there was hardly any light left, and we could barely see the path. Not a single phone had a signal. I was not in the slightest prepared for this — I had hardly anything warm to wear. Nobody said a word for an hour. “I don’t think we’ll find the camp tonight,” my friend said quietly. We seldom felt so afraid. Then, suddenly, we saw a light. It was by no means close, but it was enough. We reached the camp at midnight, and none of us has forgotten that night.

Matndagi barcha inkor vositalarini toping. Qaysilari kuchaytirilgan inkor, qaysilari yarim inkor so‘zlar?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Ko‘chada birorta ham mashina yo‘q edi. → There wasn’t a single car in the street.
2. Bunga hech qanday dalil yo‘q. (kuchli) → There’s no evidence whatsoever.
3. Sizni deyarli eshitmayapman. → I can hardly hear you.
4. Men deyarli hech qachon qahva ichmayman. → I hardly ever drink coffee.
5. Ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘maydi deb o‘ylayman. → I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.
6. Hech kim javob bermadi. → Nobody answered.
7. Bu aslo oson emas. → It is by no means easy.
8. Unchalik ishonchim komil emas. → I’m not entirely sure.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Kuchaytirilgan inkor: not a single, not one, no ... whatsoever, not ... at all, not in the slightest / least, by no means, far from.
• hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom — o‘zi inkor; not bilan ishlatilmaydi.
• hardly any / ever / anyone / anything (hardly no / never — xato).
• Inkor ko‘chishi: I don’t think / believe / expect + bo‘lishli gap; hope bilan ko‘chmaydi.
• Bitta gapda bitta inkor: Nobody came (Nobody didn’t come — xato).
• Ehtiyotkor inkor: not entirely, not exactly, not particularly.