Prepositions at the End

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ingliz tilida predlog ba’zan gap oxirida “yolg‘iz” qoladi — bu stranded preposition (osilib qolgan predlog) deyiladi:

What are you looking at? — Nimaga qarayapsan? Who did you go with? — Kim bilan bording? This is the house I grew up in. — Bu men o‘sgan uy.

Ko‘p yillar davomida maktablarda “gapni predlog bilan tugatmang” degan qoida o‘rgatilgan. Lekin bu qoida lotin tili grammatikasidan olingan va ingliz tiliga mos kelmaydi. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida predlogni gap oxirida qoldirish — tabiiy, to‘g‘ri va so‘zlashuvda standart.

Rasmiy uslubda esa predlog ba’zan oldinga ko‘chiriladi:

At what are you looking? — juda rasmiy, g‘alati. With whom did you go? — rasmiy. This is the house in which I grew up. — rasmiy, yozma.

O‘zbek tilida predlog o‘rniga qo‘shimcha (-ga, -da, -bilan) ishlatiladi va u so‘zga yopishadi, shuning uchun bu muammo yo‘q. Ingliz tilida esa predlog alohida so‘z bo‘lgani uchun uning o‘rni uslubga bog‘liq.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Savollarda: Who are you talking to?
2. Aniqlovchi gaplarda: the man I spoke to.
3. Majhul nisbatda: He was laughed at.
4. Infinitiv bilan: something to write with.
5. Qachon predlogni oldinga ko‘chirib BO‘LMAYDI.
6. Rasmiy va norasmiy uslubni tanlash.

Savollarda

Wh-savollarda predlog odatda gap oxirida qoladi. Bu eng tabiiy shakl:

• Who did you go to the cinema with?Kinoga kim bilan bording?
• What are you laughing at?Nimaga kulyapsan?
• Where do you come from?Qayerdansiz?
• What are you worried about?Nimadan xavotirlanyapsan?
• Who is this present for?Bu sovg‘a kimga?
• What do you need it for?U senga nima uchun kerak?

Diqqat: Where are you from? — eng tabiiy shakl. From where are you? — g‘alati va noto‘g‘ri eshitiladi.

Qisqa savollar

So‘zlashuvda predlog bilan qisqa savollar juda ko‘p:

• — I’m going on holiday. — Who with?— Ta’tilga ketyapman. — Kim bilan?
• — I bought a new dress. — What for?— Yangi ko‘ylak oldim. — Nima uchun?
• — I got a letter. — Who from?— Xat oldim. — Kimdan?
• — I’m thinking. — What about?— O‘ylayapman. — Nima haqida?

What for? = Why? (nima maqsadda?).

Aniqlovchi gaplarda

Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda ham predlog oxirida qolishi mumkin. Bunda who / which / that ko‘pincha tushirib qoldiriladi:

• This is the friend (who) I told you about.Bu men senga aytgan do‘stim.
• The hotel (that) we stayed at was lovely.Biz qolgan mehmonxona juda yoqimli edi.
• That’s the job (which) I applied for.Bu men ariza bergan ish.
• The man (who) she’s married to is a doctor.U turmushga chiqqan odam shifokor.

Rasmiy shaklda predlog whom / which dan oldin keladi:

• This is the friend about whom I told you.(rasmiy)
• The hotel at which we stayed was lovely.(rasmiy)

Diqqat: predlogdan keyin who va that ishlatilmaydi: the man to who I spoke — xato; the man to whom I spoke — to‘g‘ri. Batafsil — “Predlogli aniqlovchi gaplar” darsida.

Majhul nisbatda

Majhul nisbatda predlog har doim fe’ldan keyin qoladi — uni oldinga ko‘chirib bo‘lmaydi:

• He hates being laughed at.U ustidan kulishlarini yomon ko‘radi.
• The children are well looked after.Bolalarga yaxshi qarashadi.
• This problem must be dealt with immediately.Bu muammoni darhol hal qilish kerak.
• She was talked about by everyone.Hamma u haqida gapirardi.
• The bed hasn’t been slept in.Bu to‘shakda hech kim uxlamagan.

Bu yerda predlogni boshqa joyga qo‘yish imkonsiz.

Infinitiv bilan

to + fe’l + predlog tuzilmasida ham predlog oxirida qoladi:

• I need something to write with.Menga yozadigan biror narsa kerak.
• She has no one to talk to.Uning gaplashadigan hech kimi yo‘q.
• It’s a nice place to live in.Bu yashash uchun yaxshi joy.
• There’s nothing to worry about.Xavotirlanadigan hech narsa yo‘q.
• I need a chair to sit on.Menga o‘tiradigan stul kerak.
• This is a difficult person to work with.U bilan ishlash qiyin odam.

Rasmiy uslubda: something with which to write — juda kam ishlatiladi.

Qachon predlogni oldinga ko‘chirib BO‘LMAYDI

Ba’zi hollarda predlog faqat oxirida turadi — uni oldinga ko‘chirish xato yoki mumkin emas:

1. Frazali fe’llar

Frazali fe’lning qismi bo‘lgan predlog ajralmaydi:

• Who are you looking after today?Bugun kimga qarab turibsan?
• What did you give up?Nimadan voz kechding?
• This is the kind of behaviour I can’t put up with.Bu men chiday olmaydigan xatti-harakat turi.

2. Majhul nisbat

At whom was he laughed? — mumkin emas. Faqat: He was laughed at.

3. Infinitiv va -ing gaplar

It’s a good place to live in — in which to live ham bo‘ladi, lekin juda rasmiy.

4. Ba’zi savollar

Where are you from? (From where... — g‘alati), What is it for? (For what... — g‘alati).

Rasmiy va norasmiy uslub

Muhim: rasmiy shaklni so‘zlashuvda ishlatish sun’iy va kulgili eshitiladi. Masalan, To whom are you talking? — do‘stingizga bunday desangiz, u hayron qoladi.

Mashhur latifa: Uinston Cherchillga bu qoida haqida tanbeh berishganda, u go‘yo shunday degan: “This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put!” — ya’ni qoidaga qat’iy rioya qilish absurd natija beradi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Vaziyat norasmiymi? → predlogni oxirida qoldiring.
2. Vaziyat rasmiymi? → predlog + whom / which (aniqlovchi gaplarda), lekin savollarda ehtiyot bo‘ling.
3. Frazali fe’l, majhul nisbat yoki infinitivmi? → predlog faqat oxirida.
4. Tabiiy eshitiladimi? Ovoz chiqarib o‘qing.

Misol: “Kim bilan gaplashyapsan?” (do‘stga)

1. Norasmiy → predlog oxirida.

Misol: “Men murojaat qilgan menejer yordam bermadi.” (rasmiy xat)

1. Rasmiy, aniqlovchi gap → to whom.

Misol: “Menga gaplashadigan odam kerak.”

1. Infinitiv → predlog oxirida.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: predlog gap oxirida — to‘g‘ri va tabiiy: Who are you talking to? What are you looking at? Rasmiy: to whom, in which. Frazali fe’l va majhulda — faqat oxirida.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stlar bilan

• — Who are you texting?— Kimga SMS yozyapsan?
• — My cousin. She’s the one I told you about.— Amakivachchamga. Men senga aytgan qiz o‘sha.
• — The one who lives in London? What’s she worried about?— Londonda yashaydigan qizmi? U nimadan xavotirda?
• — She can’t find a flat to live in.— Yashaydigan kvartira topa olmayapti.
• — That’s tough. Who is she staying with now?— Qiyin ekan. Hozir kim bilan turyapti?
• — A friend she went to school with.— Maktabda birga o‘qigan dugonasi bilan.

Rasmiy xat

• Dear Sir or Madam,Hurmatli janob yoki xonim,
• I am writing about the position for which I applied last month.O‘tgan oy ariza bergan lavozimim yuzasidan yozyapman.
• The person with whom I spoke on the phone said I would hear back within a week.Telefonda gaplashgan xodimingiz bir hafta ichida javob olishimni aytgan edi.
• I look forward to hearing from you.Javobingizni kutib qolaman.

Kichik matn: “Yangi shahar”

When I moved to Seoul, I didn’t know anyone to talk to. The flat I was living in was tiny, and the area wasn’t a nice place to walk around at night. I didn’t know which shops to go to or what the local food was made of. One day, a neighbour asked me where I was from. I told her, and she invited me for tea. She’s now the person I rely on most. Life here is something I’ve finally got used to, and I’m looking forward to many more years in this city.

Matnda gap oxirida qolgan barcha predloglarni toping. Qaysi birini rasmiy uslubda oldinga ko‘chirish mumkin, qaysilarini mumkin emas?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Nimaga qarayapsan? → What are you looking at?
2. Qayerdansiz? → Where are you from?
3. Kim bilan bording? → Who did you go with?
4. Bu men aytgan kitob. (norasmiy) → This is the book I told you about.
5. Men gaplashgan menejer (rasmiy) → the manager to whom I spoke
6. U ustidan kulishlarini yomon ko‘radi. → He hates being laughed at.
7. Menga o‘tiradigan stul kerak. → I need a chair to sit on.
8. Nimani intiqlik bilan kutyapsan? → What are you looking forward to?

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Predlogni gap oxirida qoldirish — to‘g‘ri va tabiiy (ayniqsa so‘zlashuvda).
• Savollar: Who are you waiting for? Where are you from?; qisqa: Who with? What for?
• Aniqlovchi gaplar: norasmiy — the man I spoke to; rasmiy — the man to whom I spoke.
• Predlogdan keyin whom / which (who / that emas).
• Faqat oxirida: frazali fe’llar, majhul nisbat (was laughed at), infinitiv (something to write with).
• Rasmiy shaklni so‘zlashuvda ishlatish sun’iy eshitiladi.