The Bare Infinitive

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Infinitiv — fe’lning lug‘atdagi shakli. Odatda u to bilan keladi: I want to go. It’s nice to meet you. Lekin ba’zi hollarda infinitiv to siz ishlatiladi — bu bare infinitive (yalang‘och infinitiv) deyiladi:

I can swim. — I can to swim emas. Let me help you. — Let me to help emas. I saw him leave. — I saw him to leave emas.

Modal fe’llar (can, must, should) va let, make dan keyin to siz infinitiv ishlatilishini bilasiz. C1 darajasida esa nozikroq holatlarni o‘rganamiz:

• help (to) do — to ixtiyoriy.
• rather than do, instead of doing — farqi bor.
• All I did was ask — pseudo-cleft gaplarda to siz.
• see / hear sb do vs see / hear sb doing — ma’no farqi.
• why not do, had better do, would rather do.

O‘zbek tilida infinitiv -moq qo‘shimchasi bilan yasaladi (bormoq, yozmoq), lekin bu qo‘shimcha ko‘pincha tushib qoladi (borishim kerak). Ingliz tilida esa to ning bor-yo‘qligi qat’iy qoidalarga bo‘ysunadi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Modal fe’llar va modal iboralar: had better, would rather.
2. let, make, have — kauzativ fe’llar.
3. help (to) do — to ixtiyoriy.
4. Sezgi fe’llari: see him go va see him going farqi.
5. rather than, why not, but / except.
6. All I did was ask — pseudo-cleft gaplar.

Modal fe’llar va modal iboralar

Barcha modal fe’llardan keyin fe’l to siz keladi:

• I can speak three languages.Men uchta tilda gapira olaman.
• You must finish this today.Buni bugun tugatishingiz shart.
• She might come later.U keyinroq kelishi mumkin.
• We should leave now.Hozir ketishimiz kerak.

Diqqat: ought to, have to, need to, be able to — bular to bilan keladi, chunki ular to‘liq modal emas.

had better, would rather, would sooner

Bu modal iboralardan keyin ham to yo‘q:

• You’d better hurry — the train leaves in five minutes.Shoshilganingiz ma’qul — poyezd besh daqiqadan keyin jo‘naydi.
• I’d rather stay at home tonight.Bugun kechqurun uyda qolganim afzal.
• You’d better not tell anyone.Hech kimga aytmaganingiz ma’qul.
• I’d sooner walk than take a taxi.Taksiga o‘tirgandan ko‘ra piyoda yurganim afzal.

You had better to go — xato.

let, make, have — kauzativ fe’llar

let (ruxsat bermoq), make (majbur qilmoq), have (biror ishni qildirmoq) — to‘ldiruvchi + to siz fe’l:

• Let me help you with that.Sizga bunda yordam beray.
• My boss made me work on Saturday.Boshlig‘im meni shanba kuni ishlashga majbur qildi.
• Don’t let the children play near the road.Bolalarni yo‘l yaqinida o‘ynatmang.
• That film made me cry.O‘sha film meni yig‘latdi.
• I’ll have the receptionist book you a taxi.Qabulxonachiga sizga taksi chaqirtiraman.

Majhul nisbatda — to qaytadi!

make majhul nisbatda to bilan keladi:

• We were made to wear uniforms at school.Maktabda bizni forma kiyishga majbur qilishardi.

let majhul nisbatda ishlatilmaydi — o‘rniga be allowed to: I was allowed to go. (I was let go — boshqa ma’no: ishdan bo‘shatilmoq).

help (to) do — to ixtiyoriy

help dan keyin to ni qo‘yish ham, qo‘ymaslik ham mumkin. Ma’no o‘zgarmaydi:

• Can you help me (to) carry this box?Bu qutini ko‘tarishga yordam bera olasizmi?
• Exercise helps (to) reduce stress.Jismoniy mashq stressni kamaytirishga yordam beradi.
• She helped (to) organise the event.U tadbirni tashkil etishga yordam berdi.

Amerika inglizchasida va so‘zlashuvda to siz shakl ko‘proq ishlatiladi.

can’t help + -ing esa butunlay boshqa ma’no: I can’t help laughing. — “Kulmasdan iloj yo‘q.”

Sezgi fe’llari: see him go va see him going

see, hear, watch, notice, feel + to‘ldiruvchi + to siz fe’l yoki -ing. Ma’nosi farq qiladi:

• I watched the plane take off.Samolyotning havoga ko‘tarilganini kuzatdim. (to‘liq)
• I felt something touch my arm.Nimadir qo‘limga tekkanini sezdim. (qisqa, to‘liq)
• We heard the door open.Eshik ochilganini eshitdik.
• I noticed him leave the room.Uning xonadan chiqib ketganini payqadim.

Majhul nisbatda — to qaytadi

rather than, why not, but / except

rather than

rather than dan keyin, asosiy gapda to + fe’l bo‘lsa ham, odatda to siz fe’l keladi:

• I decided to walk rather than take the bus.Avtobusga o‘tirmasdan, piyoda yurishga qaror qildim.
• Rather than wait for hours, we went home.Soatlab kutish o‘rniga uyga ketdik.
• She chose to study rather than go out.U ko‘chaga chiqish o‘rniga o‘qishni tanladi.

rather than + -ing ham mumkin, ayniqsa gap boshida: Rather than waiting, we went home.

why not

Why not + to siz fe’l — taklif:

• Why not ask your teacher?O‘qituvchingdan so‘ra qolsang-chi?
• Why not try again tomorrow?Ertaga yana urinib ko‘rsang-chi?

but / except — “...dan boshqa”

do nothing / anything but / except + to siz fe’l:

• He did nothing but complain all day.U kun bo‘yi shikoyat qilishdan boshqa ish qilmadi.
• I can’t do anything except wait.Kutishdan boshqa hech narsa qila olmayman.
• She had no choice but to leave.Uning ketishdan boshqa iloji yo‘q edi. (no choice but to!)

Diqqat: have no choice / alternative but — to bilan; do nothing but — to siz.

All I did was ask — pseudo-cleft gaplar

All / What + ega + do + was / is tuzilmasidan keyin fe’l to siz (yoki to bilan) keladi:

• All I did was ask a simple question!Men faqat oddiy savol berdim, xolos!
• What you need to do is relax.Sizga kerak bo‘lgan narsa — dam olish.
• All you have to do is press this button.Faqat shu tugmani bosish kifoya.
• The only thing I did was open the window.Men faqat derazani ochdim.

Bu tuzilma urg‘u beradi. Batafsil — “Cleft sentences” darsida.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Modal fe’l yoki modal ibora bormi? (can, must, had better, would rather) → to yo‘q.
2. let, make, have + to‘ldiruvchi? → to yo‘q (majhulda make → to bilan).
3. help? → to ixtiyoriy.
4. Sezgi fe’li + to‘ldiruvchi? To‘liq harakat → to siz; jarayon → -ing.
5. rather than, why not, do nothing but, All I did was → to siz.

Misol: “Ota-onam meni kechgacha qolishga qo‘ymaydi.”

1. let + kishi + fe’l → to yo‘q.

Misol: “Uning eshikni qulflaganini ko‘rdim.” (to‘liq harakat)

1. Sezgi fe’li, to‘liq harakat → to siz.

Misol: “Men faqat yordam berishni taklif qildim!”

1. Pseudo-cleft → All I did was offer.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: to siz: modallar, had better, would rather, let / make / have sb do, see / hear sb do, why not, rather than, do nothing but, All I did was. To bilan: ought to, have to, be made to, be seen to, no choice but to.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ishxonada

• — You look stressed. What happened?— Asabiy ko‘rinasan. Nima bo‘ldi?
• — My boss made me redo the whole report!— Boshlig‘im butun hisobotni qayta yozishga majbur qildi!
• — Why?— Nega?
• — All I did was change the font. He said it looked unprofessional.— Men faqat shriftni o‘zgartirgan edim. U buni noprofessional ko‘rinadi dedi.
• — You’d better do what he says.— U nima desa, shuni qilganing ma’qul.
• — I know. Let me finish this, and then we can have lunch.— Bilaman. Shuni tugatay, keyin tushlik qilamiz.

Guvoh

• — Did you see what happened?— Nima bo‘lganini ko‘rdingizmi?
• — Yes. I saw a man run out of the shop.— Ha. Bir odamning do‘kondan yugurib chiqqanini ko‘rdim.
• — Did you hear anything?— Biror narsa eshitdingizmi?
• — I heard the alarm go off, and then I noticed him jump into a car.— Signalizatsiya chalinganini eshitdim, keyin uning mashinaga sakrab chiqqanini payqadim.

Kichik matn: “Ota-onamning qoidalari”

When I was a teenager, my parents were very strict. They never let me stay out after nine, and they made me do my homework before I could watch TV. If I complained, my father would say, “You’d better listen to your mother.” I remember once I wanted to go to a concert. All I did was ask politely, but they said no. I had no choice but to stay at home. Rather than argue, I went to my room and read a book. Now that I’m older, I understand why they made me work so hard — it helped me (to) become the person I am today.

Matndagi barcha to siz infinitivlarni toping. Qaysi gapda to saqlanib qolgan va nima uchun?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Menga yordam berishga ruxsat bering. → Let me help you.
2. Shoshilganingiz ma’qul. → You’d better hurry.
3. U meni kuldirdi. → She made me laugh.
4. Bizni kutishga majbur qilishdi. (majhul) → We were made to wait.
5. Uning ketganini ko‘rdim. (to‘liq) → I saw him leave.
6. Nega o‘qituvchingdan so‘ramaysan? → Why not ask your teacher?
7. U kun bo‘yi yig‘lashdan boshqa ish qilmadi. → She did nothing but cry all day.
8. Men faqat savol berdim! → All I did was ask a question!

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Modal fe’llar va had better, would rather / sooner + to siz fe’l.
• let / make / have + to‘ldiruvchi + to siz fe’l; majhulda be made to do (to qaytadi).
• help (to) do — to ixtiyoriy.
• see / hear / watch sb do — to‘liq harakat; sb doing — jarayon; majhulda be seen to do.
• rather than do, why not do, do nothing but do — to siz; no choice but to do — to bilan.
• All I did was ask / What you need to do is relax — to siz.