Complex Sentences — Murakkab qo‘shma gaplar

Oddiy qilib aytganda

C1 darajasida fikrlarni qisqa, alohida gaplar bilan emas, balki murakkab qo‘shma gaplar bilan ifodalash kerak. Bunday gaplarda bitta asosiy gap va bir nechta ergash gaplar bo‘ladi:

Although the weather was bad, we decided to go to the mountains because we had planned the trip for months, and we didn’t want to waste the opportunity.

Bu gapda:

asosiy gap: we decided to go to the mountains;
to‘siqsiz ergash gap: Although the weather was bad;
sabab ergash gapi: because we had planned the trip for months;
qo‘shimcha gap: and we didn’t want to waste the opportunity.

Murakkab gaplar sizning ingliz tilingizni yetuk va akademik ko‘rsatadi. Lekin ularni tuzishda mantiq, tinish belgilari va gap chegaralari juda muhim. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar — gap bo‘lagi (fragment) va vergul bilan ulangan gaplar (comma splice).

O‘zbek tilida ham murakkab gaplar bor, lekin ularda ergash gap ko‘pincha oldin keladi va fe’l oxirida turadi. Ingliz tilida esa tartib erkinroq, bog‘lovchilar esa aniqroq.

Teng bog‘lovchilar (FANBOYS)for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so — ikki asosiy gapni bog‘laydi

Ergash bog‘lovchilarbecause, although, when, if, while, since, unless, whereas...

Nisbiy so‘zlarwho, which, that, whose, where, when

Bog‘lovchi ravishlarhowever, therefore, moreover, consequently — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul bilan

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

Gap turlari: sodda, qo‘shma, murakkab, murakkab-qo‘shma.
Teng va ergash bog‘lovchilar.
Ergash gapning o‘rni va vergul.
Bir nechta ergash gaplarni birlashtirish.
Bog‘lovchi ravishlar va nuqtali vergul.
Uch asosiy xato: fragment, comma splice, run-on.

Gap turlari

Tur	Tuzilma	Misol
Sodda (simple)	1 asosiy gap	I live in Tashkent.
Qo‘shma (compound)	2+ asosiy gap + teng bog‘lovchi	I live in Tashkent, but* my parents live in Bukhara.*
Murakkab (complex)	1 asosiy + 1+ ergash gap	I live in Tashkent because* I work here.*
Murakkab-qo‘shma	2+ asosiy + 1+ ergash gap	I live in Tashkent because* I work here, but I visit Bukhara often.*

Yaxshi yozuvda bu to‘rt turning aralashmasi ishlatiladi. Faqat sodda gaplar — bolalarcha, faqat uzun murakkab gaplar — chalkash eshitiladi.

Teng bog‘lovchilar

Teng bog‘lovchilar (coordinating conjunctions) ikki teng huquqli asosiy gapni bog‘laydi. Ularni eslab qolish uchun FANBOYS so‘zi ishlatiladi:

Bog‘lovchi	Ma’nosi	Misol
for	chunki (rasmiy, eskirgan)	He was tired, for* he had worked all day.*
and	va	I cooked, and* she cleaned.*
nor	va ... ham emas	He didn’t call, nor* did he write.*
but	lekin	It was cheap, but* it was good.*
or	yoki	Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
yet	biroq, shunga qaramay	It was late, yet* she kept working.*
so	shuning uchun	It was raining, so we stayed home.

Vergul: ikki to‘liq gapni bog‘laganda bog‘lovchidan oldin vergul qo‘yiladi: I was tired, so I went to bed. Agar ikkinchi qismda ega bo‘lmasa, vergul kerak emas: I was tired and went to bed.

Diqqat: nor dan keyin inversiya: nor did he write.

Ergash bog‘lovchilar

Ergash bog‘lovchilar (subordinating conjunctions) ergash gapni asosiy gapga bog‘laydi. Ergash gap yolg‘iz tura olmaydi.

Ma’no	Bog‘lovchilar
Vaqt	when, while, before, after, until, as soon as, once, since, by the time
Sabab	because, as, since, given that
To‘siqsizlik	although, even though, though, while, whereas
Shart	if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case
Maqsad	so that, in order that
Natija	so ... that, such ... that
Qiyos	as, than, as if, as though

When I arrived, everyone had left.Men kelganimda hamma ketib bo‘lgan edi.
I’ll help you as long as you promise to try.Harakat qilishga va’da bersang, senga yordam beraman.
She took an umbrella in case it rained.Yomg‘ir yog‘ib qolsa deb u soyabon oldi.
The film was so long that I fell asleep.Film shunchalik uzun ediki, uxlab qoldim.

Ergash gapning o‘rni va vergul

Ergash gap asosiy gapdan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. Vergul qoidasi o‘rniga bog‘liq:

Ergash gap OLDINErgash gap, asosiy gap. — vergul kerak

Ergash gap KEYINAsosiy gap ergash gap. — odatda vergul kerak emas

Because it was raining, we stayed at home.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgani uchun uyda qoldik. (vergul)
We stayed at home because it was raining.Yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgani uchun uyda qoldik. (vergulsiz)
If you need help, call me.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.
Call me if you need help.Yordam kerak bo‘lsa, qo‘ng‘iroq qiling.

Istisno: although, whereas, while (zidlash ma’nosida) gap oxirida bo‘lsa ham ko‘pincha vergul bilan keladi: She is rich, whereas her brother is poor.

Bir nechta ergash gaplarni birlashtirish

C1 darajasida bir gapda bir nechta ergash gap bo‘lishi mumkin. Asosiysi — mantiq aniq bo‘lsin:

Although I had studied hard, I failed the exam because I was so nervous that I couldn’t think clearly.Qattiq o‘qigan bo‘lsam ham, imtihondan yiqildim, chunki shunchalik hayajonlandimki, aniq fikrlay olmadim.
The woman who lives next door, whose son is a doctor, told me that the hospital where he works is closing.Qo‘shni ayol (uning o‘g‘li shifokor) menga o‘g‘li ishlaydigan kasalxona yopilayotganini aytdi.
When we arrived at the hotel, which was in the old town, we discovered that our room had been given to someone else.Eski shahardagi mehmonxonaga kelganimizda, xonamiz boshqa birovga berib yuborilganini bildik.

Murakkab gaplarni qanday tuzish

Asosiy fikrni aniqlang: we discovered something.
Vaqtni qo‘shing: When we arrived at the hotel.
Qo‘shimcha ma’lumot qo‘shing: which was in the old town.
Nima topilganini qo‘shing: that our room had been given to someone else.

Diqqat: bitta gapda 3–4 tadan ortiq ergash gap bo‘lsa, uni ikki gapga bo‘lish yaxshiroq. Uzunlik — maqsad emas, aniqlik — maqsad.

Bog‘lovchi ravishlar

however, therefore, moreover, consequently, nevertheless, furthermore, otherwise — bular bog‘lovchi ravishlar (conjunctive adverbs). Ular ikki gapni mantiqan bog‘laydi, lekin grammatik jihatdan bog‘lamaydi.

Shuning uchun ularni vergul bilan ikki gapni ulash uchun ishlatib bo‘lmaydi:

XatoIt was raining, however we went out.

To‘g‘riIt was raining. However, we went out.

To‘g‘riIt was raining; however, we went out.

To‘g‘riIt was raining, but we went out.

The project was expensive. However, it was very successful.Loyiha qimmat edi. Biroq u juda muvaffaqiyatli bo‘ldi.
Prices have risen; therefore, people are buying less.Narxlar oshdi, shuning uchun odamlar kamroq sotib olyapti.
The hotel was cheap. Moreover, it was close to the beach.Mehmonxona arzon edi. Bundan tashqari, sohilga yaqin edi.
You should leave now; otherwise, you’ll miss the train.Hozir chiqishingiz kerak, aks holda poyezdga ulgurmaysiz.

Nuqtali vergul (;) — ikki yaqin bog‘liq to‘liq gapni bog‘laydi. U nuqtadan kuchsizroq, vergul’dan kuchliroq.

Uch asosiy xato

1. Fragment — tugallanmagan gap

Ergash gap yolg‘iz turib qolsa, u to‘liq gap emas:

XatoI stayed at home. Because it was raining.

To‘g‘riI stayed at home because it was raining.

XatoAlthough she was tired. She finished the report.

To‘g‘riAlthough she was tired, she finished the report.

2. Comma splice — vergul bilan ulangan gaplar

Ikki to‘liq gapni faqat vergul bilan ulash — xato:

XatoI love London, it’s a beautiful city.

To‘g‘riI love London. It’s a beautiful city.

To‘g‘riI love London; it’s a beautiful city.

To‘g‘riI love London because it’s a beautiful city.

To‘g‘riI love London, and it’s a beautiful city.

3. Run-on — tinish belgisiz gaplar

Ikki gap hech qanday bog‘lovchi yoki tinish belgisiz ulangan:

XatoShe was hungry she ate a sandwich.

To‘g‘riShe was hungry, so she ate a sandwich.

To‘g‘riBecause she was hungry, she ate a sandwich.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Asosiy fikrni sodda gap bilan yozing.
Vaqt, sabab, shart, zidlash kabi qo‘shimcha fikrlarni ergash gap qilib qo‘shing.
Ergash gap oldinda bo‘lsa — vergul qo‘ying.
however, therefore — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul bilan.
Tekshiring: har bir gapda asosiy gap bormi? Vergul bilan ikki to‘liq gap ulanmaganmi?

Misol: Uchta sodda gapni birlashtiring.

It was late. We were tired. We continued walking.

Sabab va to‘siqsizlik munosabati: kech edi va charchagan edik, lekin davom etdik.

NatijaAlthough it was late and we were tired, we continued walking.

Misol: Xatoni tuzating: The test was difficult, however I passed it.

however — bog‘lovchi ravish, vergul bilan ulab bo‘lmaydi.

NatijaThe test was difficult; however, I passed it. / The test was difficult, but I passed it.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~I stayed home. Because I was ill.~~

✓ I stayed home because I was ill.

Fragment — ergash gap yolg‘iz.

✗ ~~I love Paris, it’s beautiful.~~

✓ I love Paris. It’s beautiful. / ...Paris because it’s beautiful.

Comma splice.

✗ ~~She was tired she went to bed.~~

✓ She was tired, so she went to bed.

Run-on.

✗ ~~It was cold, however we went out.~~

✓ It was cold. However, we went out.

however — nuqta / nuqtali vergul.

✗ ~~Because it was late we took a taxi.~~

✓ Because it was late, we took a taxi.

Ergash gap oldinda — vergul.

✗ ~~Although it was late, but we kept talking.~~

✓ Although it was late, we kept talking.

Ikki bog‘lovchi.

✗ ~~He didn’t call, nor he wrote.~~

✓ He didn’t call, nor did he write.

nor — inversiya.

✗ ~~The man, who lives next door is a doctor.~~

✓ The man who lives next door is a doctor. / The man, who lives next door, is...

Vergullar juft bo‘lishi kerak.

✗ ~~If you need help call me.~~

✓ If you need help, call me.

Ergash gap oldinda — vergul.

Eslab qoling: ergash gap oldinda — vergul; however / therefore — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul; ikki to‘liq gapni faqat vergul bilan ulamang; ergash gapni yolg‘iz qoldirmang.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Insho kirish qismi

In recent years, as technology has developed rapidly, more and more people have started working from home.So‘nggi yillarda texnologiya tez rivojlangani sari tobora ko‘proq odamlar uydan ishlay boshladi.
While this trend offers many advantages, such as flexibility and time savings, it also creates problems that cannot be ignored.Bu tendensiya moslashuvchanlik va vaqtni tejash kabi ko‘plab afzalliklarni taklif qilsa-da, u e’tiborsiz qoldirib bo‘lmaydigan muammolarni ham keltirib chiqaradi.
This essay will discuss both sides before reaching a conclusion.Ushbu insho xulosaga kelishdan oldin har ikki tomonni muhokama qiladi.

Rasmiy xat

I am writing to complain about the service that I received at your hotel last week.O‘tgan hafta mehmonxonangizda olgan xizmatim yuzasidan shikoyat qilish uchun yozyapman.
Although I had booked a sea-view room, I was given a room that overlooked the car park.Dengiz manzarali xona band qilgan bo‘lsam ham, menga avtoturargohga qaragan xona berildi.
When I complained, the receptionist, who was very rude, refused to help.Shikoyat qilganimda, juda qo‘pol bo‘lgan administrator yordam berishdan bosh tortdi.
I would appreciate it if you could refund part of the cost.Xarajatning bir qismini qaytarsangiz, minnatdor bo‘lardim.

Kichik matn: “Hayotimni o‘zgartirgan sayohat”

When I was nineteen, I travelled to India alone, which was the bravest thing I had ever done. Although my parents were worried, they let me go because they knew that I needed to see the world. I arrived in Delhi late at night, and I was so tired that I could barely stand. The city was noisy and chaotic; however, it was also incredibly beautiful. During the three months that I spent there, I met people whose kindness I will never forget. By the time I returned home, I had changed completely, and I knew that I would travel again.

Matndagi har bir bog‘lovchini toping va gaplarni turlariga ajrating: sodda, qo‘shma, murakkab yoki murakkab-qo‘shma.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

Gaplarni birlashtiring yoki xatoni tuzating:

It rained. We stayed inside. (sabab) → Because it rained, we stayed inside.
She is rich. She is unhappy. (zidlash) → Although she is rich, she is unhappy.
I love Rome, it’s my favourite city. → I love Rome; it’s my favourite city. / I love Rome because it’s my favourite city.
He was late, however he didn’t apologise. → He was late; however, he didn’t apologise.
I went to bed early. Because I was tired. → I went to bed early because I was tired.
The book was boring I didn’t finish it. → The book was boring, so I didn’t finish it.
If you see him tell him to call me. → If you see him, tell him to call me.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

Gap turlari: sodda, qo‘shma, murakkab, murakkab-qo‘shma — ularni aralashtiring.
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) — ikki asosiy gapni bog‘laydi, oldidan vergul.
Ergash bog‘lovchilar: because, although, when, if, while, unless...
Ergash gap oldinda — vergul; keyinda — odatda vergulsiz.
however, therefore, moreover — nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul bilan.
Uch xato: fragment (yolg‘iz ergash gap), comma splice (vergul bilan ulash), run-on (belgisiz ulash).