Advanced Relative Structures

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni (relative clauses) bilasiz: the man who lives next door, the book which I bought. C1 darajasida esa murakkabroq va rasmiyroq tuzilmalarni o‘rganamiz. Ular asosan akademik yozuvda, hisobotlarda va rasmiy nutqda ishlatiladi:

• most of which / some of whom — miqdor + of + which / whom.
• in which case / by which time — butun gapga ishora.
• the extent to which / the way in which — mavhum otlar bilan.
• whose — narsalar uchun ham: a country whose economy...
• whereby — “...ga ko‘ra”, “...yo‘li bilan”.
• , which — butun gapga ishora: He failed, which surprised us.

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’nolar ko‘pincha sifatdosh (-gan, -digan) yoki “...ki” bilan beriladi. Ingliz tilida esa aniqlovchi so‘z (which, whom, whose) va predlogning to‘g‘ri tanlovi muhim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. most of which, some of whom, all of whom.
2. whose — odamlar va narsalar uchun.
3. the extent to which, the way in which, the degree to which.
4. Butun gapga ishora: which, in which case, by which time, at which point.
5. whereby va wherein — rasmiy uslub.
6. Qisqartirilgan aniqlovchi gaplar: the man standing there, the book written by...

Miqdor + of + which / whom

Vergulli (non-defining) aniqlovchi gaplarda miqdor so‘zi + of + whom (odamlar) yoki of + which (narsalar) ishlatiladi:

• I have three brothers, all of whom are doctors.Mening uchta akam bor, ularning hammasi shifokor.
• She wrote ten books, most of which were bestsellers.U o‘nta kitob yozgan, ularning ko‘pchiligi bestseller bo‘lgan.
• We interviewed 50 people, none of whom had heard of the product.50 kishidan so‘rov oldik, ularning hech biri mahsulot haqida eshitmagan.
• He has two cars, both of which are electric.Uning ikkita mashinasi bor, ikkalasi ham elektr.
• The students, many of whom come from abroad, live on campus.Talabalar — ularning ko‘pchiligi chet eldan — kampusda yashashadi.

Diqqat: all of them, most of it — xato (bu yerda ikki gap bitta vergul bilan bog‘lanadi): I have three brothers, all of them are doctors — comma splice. To‘g‘risi: all of whom.

whose + ot

Egalik ma’nosida: some of whose / all of whose:

• The company, most of whose employees work from home, is very successful.Xodimlarining ko‘pchiligi uydan ishlaydigan kompaniya juda muvaffaqiyatli.

whose — odamlar va narsalar uchun

whose — “kimning”, “...ning”. U faqat odamlar uchun emas, narsalar, joylar, tashkilotlar uchun ham ishlatiladi (rasmiy uslubda of which o‘rniga):

• The woman whose car was stolen called the police.Mashinasi o‘g‘irlangan ayol politsiyaga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• It’s a country whose economy depends on oil.Bu iqtisodiyoti neftga bog‘liq bo‘lgan mamlakat.
• I live in a house whose walls are 200 years old.Men devorlari 200 yillik bo‘lgan uyda yashayman.
• This is a company whose products are sold worldwide.Bu mahsulotlari butun dunyoda sotiladigan kompaniya.

Juda rasmiy alternativa: a house the walls of which are 200 years old — kam ishlatiladi, og‘ir eshitiladi.

the extent to which, the way in which

Mavhum otlar bilan predlog + which juda keng tarqalgan akademik tuzilma:

• Researchers studied the extent to which social media influences young people.Tadqiqotchilar ijtimoiy tarmoqlar yoshlarga qanchalik ta’sir qilishini o‘rganishdi.
• The way in which we learn languages has changed.Til o‘rganish usulimiz o‘zgardi.
• The speed at which technology develops is amazing.Texnologiyaning rivojlanish tezligi hayratlanarli.
• The rate at which the glaciers are melting is alarming.Muzliklarning erish sur’ati tashvishli.
• The report examines the conditions under which factory workers live.Hisobot zavod ishchilarining yashash sharoitlarini o‘rganadi.

the way in which = the way (that) = how: the way in which children learn = the way children learn = how children learn. Rasmiy matnda in which afzal.

Butun gapga ishora

which butun gapga ishora qilishi mumkin (vergul bilan). Bundan tashqari, predlog + which + ot iboralari ham juda foydali:

• He failed the exam, which surprised everyone.U imtihondan yiqildi, bu hammani hayratda qoldirdi.
• It might rain, in which case the match will be cancelled.Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin, bu holda o‘yin bekor qilinadi.
• The film ends at midnight, by which time the last train will have gone.Film yarim tunda tugaydi, o‘sha vaqtga kelib oxirgi poyezd ketib bo‘lgan bo‘ladi.
• He started shouting, at which point I left.U baqira boshladi, shu payt men chiqib ketdim.
• The company lost money, as a result of which many people lost their jobs.Kompaniya zarar ko‘rdi, natijada ko‘p odamlar ishsiz qoldi.

Batafsil — “Butun gapga ishora qiluvchi which” darsida.

whereby va wherein — rasmiy uslub

whereby — “...ga ko‘ra”, “...yo‘li bilan”, “...bo‘yicha”. U tizim, kelishuv, jarayon haqida rasmiy matnlarda ishlatiladi:

• The government introduced a scheme whereby students can borrow money for their studies.Hukumat talabalar o‘qishi uchun qarz olishi mumkin bo‘lgan tizimni joriy qildi.
• They made an agreement whereby both companies would share the profits.Ular ikki kompaniya foydani bo‘lishishi haqida kelishuv tuzishdi.
• It is a process whereby plants convert sunlight into energy.Bu o‘simliklar quyosh nurini energiyaga aylantiradigan jarayon.

whereby = by which / according to which.

wherein — “unda”, “...da” (juda rasmiy, huquqiy): the contract, wherein the terms are stated — kam ishlatiladi.

Qisqartirilgan aniqlovchi gaplar

who / which + be tushirib qoldirilsa, gap qisqaradi — bu participle clause (sifatdosh gap):

• Students wishing to join the club should register online.Klubga qo‘shilmoqchi bo‘lgan talabalar onlayn ro‘yxatdan o‘tishlari kerak.
• The houses built in the 1960s need repairs.1960-yillarda qurilgan uylar ta’mirga muhtoj.
• The number of people affected by the flood is unknown.Toshqindan zarar ko‘rgan odamlar soni noma’lum.
• Anyone found guilty will be punished.Aybdor deb topilgan har kim jazolanadi.

Bu shakl rasmiy matnlarda juda keng tarqalgan va gapni ixcham qiladi.

Infinitiv bilan ham: She was the first woman to win the prize. — Mukofotni yutgan birinchi ayol. (= who won)

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Miqdor + odamlar / narsalar? → most of whom / most of which (vergul bilan).
2. Egalik? → whose (odam ham, narsa ham).
3. Mavhum ot + predlog? → the extent to which, the way in which, the rate at which.
4. Butun gapga ishora? → , which; shart — in which case; vaqt — by which time, at which point.
5. Tizim / jarayon? → whereby.
6. Qisqartirish mumkinmi? → -ing / V3 bilan.

Misol: “Men 20 ta xat yubordim, ularning hech biriga javob kelmadi.”

1. Miqdor + narsalar → none of which.

Misol: “Ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning bizga qanchalik ta’sir qilishi hali aniq emas.”

1. Mavhum ot + daraja → the extent to which.

Misol: “Ishchilar qo‘shimcha haq olishi mumkin bo‘lgan tizim.”

1. Tizim → whereby.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: most of whom / most of which; whose (odam va narsa); the extent to which, the way in which, the rate at which; in which case, by which time; whereby — tizim.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Akademik inshodan parcha

• In recent years, researchers have studied the extent to which technology affects children’s development.So‘nggi yillarda tadqiqotchilar texnologiya bolalar rivojlanishiga qanchalik ta’sir qilishini o‘rganishdi.
• A survey of 500 parents, most of whom use smartphones daily, showed interesting results.Ko‘pchiligi har kuni smartfondan foydalanadigan 500 ota-ona orasida o‘tkazilgan so‘rovnoma qiziqarli natijalarni ko‘rsatdi.
• The rate at which children learn to read has not changed significantly.Bolalarning o‘qishni o‘rganish sur’ati sezilarli o‘zgarmagan.
• However, the way in which they communicate has changed dramatically.Biroq ularning muloqot qilish usuli keskin o‘zgargan.

Ish hisobotida

• The company introduced a new scheme whereby employees can work from home two days a week.Kompaniya xodimlar haftasiga ikki kun uydan ishlashi mumkin bo‘lgan yangi tizimni joriy qildi.
• We received 200 applications, only a few of which met all the requirements.Biz 200 ta ariza oldik, ulardan faqat bir nechtasi barcha talablarga javob berdi.
• The project may be delayed, in which case we will inform all clients.Loyiha kechikishi mumkin, bu holda barcha mijozlarni xabardor qilamiz.

Kichik matn: “Eski shahar”

Bukhara is a city whose history goes back more than 2,500 years. It has over 140 architectural monuments, many of which are protected by UNESCO. The way in which the old town has been preserved is remarkable. Local craftsmen, some of whom come from families that have worked here for centuries, still make carpets and ceramics by hand. Tourists visiting the city are often surprised by the speed at which it has developed in recent years. The government has introduced a programme whereby old buildings are restored using traditional methods.

Matndagi barcha murakkab aniqlovchi tuzilmalarni toping va ularni turlariga ajrating.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Mening uchta do‘stim bor, ularning hammasi talaba. → I have three friends, all of whom are students.
2. U o‘nta film suratga oldi, ularning ko‘pchiligi mukofot oldi. → He made ten films, most of which won awards.
3. Iqtisodiyoti turizmga bog‘liq mamlakat → a country whose economy depends on tourism
4. Texnologiyaning bizga qanchalik ta’sir qilishi → the extent to which technology affects us
5. Narxlarning oshish tezligi → the speed at which prices are rising
6. Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin, bu holda uyda qolamiz. → It may rain, in which case we’ll stay home.
7. Talabalar qarz olishi mumkin bo‘lgan tizim → a system whereby students can borrow money
8. 1990-yilda qurilgan bino → the building built in 1990

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Miqdor + of whom (odam) / of which (narsa): most of whom, none of which, both of which.
• all of them vergul bilan — xato (comma splice).
• whose — odam va narsalar uchun: a country whose economy...
• Mavhum ot + predlog + which: the extent to which, the way in which, the rate / speed at which, the conditions under which.
• Butun gapga: , which; in which case, by which time, at which point.
• whereby — tizim, kelishuv, jarayon (rasmiy).
• Qisqartirish: -ing (faol), V3 (majhul): students wishing to..., houses built in...