Prepositions in Relative Clauses

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda (relative clauses) ba’zan fe’l predlog bilan keladi: talk to, live in, depend on, look for. Shunda savol tug‘iladi: predlog qayerga qo‘yiladi?

Ikki variant bor:

This is the man who I spoke to. — predlog gap oxirida (norasmiy, so‘zlashuv). This is the man to whom I spoke. — predlog who / which dan oldin (rasmiy).

Ikkalasining ma’nosi bir xil: “Bu men gaplashgan odam.” Farq faqat uslubda.

O‘zbek tilida bunday muammo yo‘q, chunki biz predlog o‘rniga qo‘shimcha ishlatamiz: men bilan gaplashgan odam, biz yashaydigan uy. Ingliz tilida esa predlog alohida so‘z bo‘lib, gapda o‘z joyini talab qiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Predlog gap oxirida — norasmiy uslub.
2. Predlog + whom / which — rasmiy uslub.
3. Nega predlogdan keyin who va that ishlatilmaydi.
4. in which = where, on which = when.
5. Iboralar: most of which, some of whom, all of which.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Predlog gap oxirida — norasmiy

Kundalik nutqda predlog odatda fe’ldan keyin, gap oxirida qoladi. Bunda who, which, that ishlatiladi yoki ular umuman tushirib qoldiriladi.

• This is the friend (who) I told you about.Bu men senga aytgan do‘stim.
• That’s the café (which) we went to last week.Bu biz o‘tgan hafta borgan kafe.
• Is this the book (that) you were looking for?Siz qidirayotgan kitob shumi?
• The person (who) I live with is from Japan.Men birga yashaydigan odam Yaponiyadan.
• The music (that) she listens to is very strange.U tinglaydigan musiqa juda g‘alati.
• The chair (which) you’re sitting on is broken.Siz o‘tirgan stul singan.

Bu holatda who / which / that to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lgani uchun ko‘pincha tushiriladi: the friend I told you about — eng tabiiy shakl.

Predlog + whom / which — rasmiy

Rasmiy yozuvda (xatlar, ilmiy matnlar, hujjatlar) predlog gap boshiga, whom yoki which dan oldin o‘tadi.

• The person to whom this letter is addressed has left.Ushbu xat kimga yo‘llangan bo‘lsa, u ishdan ketgan.
• The company for which she works is very large.U ishlaydigan kompaniya juda katta.
• This is the topic about which I want to speak today.Bugun men gapirmoqchi bo‘lgan mavzu shu.
• The colleagues with whom I work are very helpful.Men birga ishlaydigan hamkasblar juda yordamchi.
• The conditions under which they live are terrible.Ular yashayotgan sharoit dahshatli.
• The speed at which prices are rising is worrying.Narxlarning oshish sur’ati tashvishli.

Nega predlogdan keyin who va that bo‘lmaydi?

Bu muhim qoida:

Predlogdan keyin odamlar uchun faqat whom, narsalar uchun faqat which keladi. who va that — hech qachon.

Tushirib qoldirib bo‘lmaydi

Predlog boshda kelsa, whom / which ni tushirib bo‘lmaydi:

• the man to whom I spoke ✓the man to I spoke ✗

Uslublarni solishtiring

So‘zlashuvda rasmiy shakl haddan tashqari rasmiy va sun’iy eshitiladi. Rasmiy yozuvda esa norasmiy shakl beparvo ko‘rinishi mumkin. Vaziyatga qarab tanlang.

in which = where, on which = when

Joy va vaqt haqida gapirganda in which / at which / on which o‘rniga ko‘pincha where yoki when ishlatiladi:

• the house in which I grew up = the house where I grew upmen o‘sgan uy
• the city in which she was born = the city where she was bornu tug‘ilgan shahar
• the day on which we met = the day when we metbiz tanishgan kun
• the year in which he died = the year when he diedu vafot etgan yil

Diqqat: where va when dan keyin predlog qo‘yilmaydi: the house where I grew up in — xato.

Faqat bitta tartibli fe’llar

Ba’zi fe’l + predlog birikmalari ajralmas — ularning predlogini boshga o‘tkazib bo‘lmaydi. Bu asosan frazali fe’llar:

• The children (who) I look after are lovely. ✓Men qarab turadigan bolalar juda yoqimli.
• The children after whom I look are lovely. ✗
• This is the problem (that) we need to deal with. ✓Biz hal qilishimiz kerak bo‘lgan muammo shu.
• The meeting (that) we were looking forward to was cancelled. ✓Biz intiqlik bilan kutgan yig‘ilish bekor qilindi.

look after, look forward to, put up with, get on with, take care of kabi birikmalarda predlog doim fe’l bilan qoladi.

Miqdor + of + whom / which

Rasmiyroq uslubda miqdor so‘zi + of + whom / which juda foydali. Bu tuzilma faqat vergulli (non-defining) aniqlovchi gaplarda ishlatiladi.

• I have three brothers, all of whom are doctors.Mening uchta akam bor, ularning hammasi shifokor.
• She bought ten books, most of which she has read.U o‘nta kitob sotib oldi, ularning ko‘pchiligini o‘qib chiqdi.
• We interviewed fifty people, none of whom had heard of the product.Biz ellik kishidan so‘rovnoma oldik, ularning hech biri mahsulot haqida eshitmagan edi.
• He has two cars, both of which are red.Uning ikkita mashinasi bor, ikkalasi ham qizil.

Diqqat: bu yerda them / they ishlatilmaydi: three brothers, all of them are doctors — xato (ikki gap vergul bilan bog‘langan). To‘g‘risi: all of whom are doctors yoki ikki alohida gap: I have three brothers. All of them are doctors.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ergash gapdagi fe’l predlog talab qiladimi? (talk to, live in, work for)
2. Uslub norasmiymi? → predlog oxirida, who / which / that ni tushirsa ham bo‘ladi.
3. Uslub rasmiymi? → predlog + whom (odam) / which (narsa).
4. Joy yoki vaqtmi? → where / when (predlogsiz).
5. Frazali fe’lmi? (look after, deal with) → predlog fe’l bilan qoladi.

Misol: “Bu men ishlaydigan kompaniya.” (rasmiy xat)

1. work for → rasmiy → for which.

Misol: “Men gaplashgan qiz juda yoqimli edi.” (suhbat)

1. talk to → norasmiy → predlog oxirida.

Misol: “Mening beshta talabam bor, ularning ikkitasi Koreyadan.”

1. Miqdor + odamlar → two of whom.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: norasmiy — the man I spoke to; rasmiy — the man to whom I spoke. Predlogdan keyin faqat whom / which, hech qachon who / that. where dan keyin predlog yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Do‘stlar bilan

• — Who’s that guy over there?— Anavi yigit kim?
• — That’s the guy I was telling you about — the one I met at the conference.— Senga aytib bergan yigitim shu — konferensiyada tanishgan yigit.
• — Oh, the one you went to the concert with?— Ha, sen konsertga birga borgan yigitmi?
• — Yes! And that’s the restaurant we had dinner at.— Ha! Anavi esa biz kechki ovqat qilgan restoran.

Rasmiy xatda

• Dear Sir or Madam,Hurmatli janob yoki xonim,
• I am writing regarding the position for which I applied last month.O‘tgan oy ariza bergan lavozimim yuzasidan yozyapman.
• The person with whom I spoke on the phone said that I would receive an answer within two weeks.Telefonda gaplashgan xodimingiz ikki hafta ichida javob olishimni aytgan edi.
• I have attached three documents, all of which were requested in the advertisement.E’londa so‘ralgan uchta hujjatni ilova qildim.

Kichik matn: “Mening bolaligim shahri”

I grew up in a small town near the mountains — the town in which my family had lived for five generations. Our house, which my great-grandfather built, stood next to a river in which we swam every summer. I had many friends, most of whom still live there. My best friend was a boy called Jasur, with whom I spent almost every day. The school we went to was very small; there were only twelve children in my class, all of whom knew each other’s families. I often think about the teacher to whom I owe my love of books — she was the person who first showed me the world outside our little town.

Matndan predlogli aniqlovchi gaplarni toping. Qaysilari rasmiy (in which, with whom), qaysilari norasmiy (we went to)?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Bu men qidirgan kitob. (norasmiy) → This is the book I was looking for.
2. U ishlaydigan kompaniya juda katta. (rasmiy) → The company for which she works is very large.
3. Men gaplashgan ayol menejer edi. (rasmiy) → The woman to whom I spoke was the manager.
4. Biz yashaydigan uy eski. (where bilan) → The house where we live is old.
5. Mening to‘rtta do‘stim bor, ularning hammasi talaba. → I have four friends, all of whom are students.
6. U o‘nta kitob sotib oldi, ularning ko‘pchiligi ingliz tilida. → She bought ten books, most of which are in English.
7. Biz hal qilishimiz kerak bo‘lgan muammo jiddiy. → The problem we need to deal with is serious.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Norasmiy: predlog oxirida — the man (who) I spoke to; aniqlovchi so‘z ko‘pincha tushiriladi.
• Rasmiy: predlog + whom (odam) / which (narsa) — the man to whom I spoke.
• Predlogdan keyin who va that ishlatilmaydi.
• Joy va vaqt: where / when = in which / on which (predlogsiz).
• Frazali fe’llarda (look after, deal with) predlog fe’l bilan qoladi.
• Miqdor + of whom / of which: three brothers, all of whom are doctors.