The + Adjective

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ingliz tilida ba’zi sifatlar the bilan kelib, ot vazifasini bajaradi va odamlarning butun bir guruhini bildiradi:

the rich — boylar (barcha boy odamlar) the poor — kambag‘allar the elderly — keksalar the young — yoshlar the unemployed — ishsizlar

We should help the poor. — Biz kambag‘allarga yordam berishimiz kerak.

O‘zbek tilida biz sifatga -lar qo‘shamiz: boy → boylar, kambag‘al → kambag‘allar, keksa → keksalar. Ingliz tilida esa sifat o‘zgarmaydi — unga -s qo‘shilmaydi, faqat the qo‘shiladi. Lekin fe’l ko‘plikda bo‘ladi:

The rich are getting richer. — Boylar yanada boyib boryapti.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. the + sifat — odamlar guruhi.
2. Fe’l ko‘plikda va -s qo‘shilmaydi.
3. Ijtimoiy guruhlar: the unemployed, the homeless, the disabled.
4. Millatlar: the British, the French, the Chinese.
5. Mavhum tushunchalar: the unknown, the impossible — birlikda.
6. Bitta odam haqida qanday gapirish kerak.

the + sifat — odamlar guruhi

Eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan guruhlar:

• The rich should pay more taxes.Boylar ko‘proq soliq to‘lashi kerak.
• This charity helps the poor and the homeless.Bu xayriya tashkiloti kambag‘allar va boshpanasizlarga yordam beradi.
• The young often don’t understand the old.Yoshlar ko‘pincha keksalarni tushunmaydi.
• The elderly need special care in winter.Keksalar qishda alohida g‘amxo‘rlikka muhtoj.
• The injured were taken to hospital.Jarohatlanganlar kasalxonaga olib ketildi.
• Fortune favours the brave.Omad jasurlarga kulib boqadi. (maqol)

the elderly — the old dan muloyimroq va ko‘proq ishlatiladi.

-s yo‘q, fe’l ko‘plikda

Bu tuzilmaning ikkita muhim qoidasi bor:

• The unemployed are looking for work.Ishsizlar ish qidirmoqda.
• The young have different values.Yoshlarning qadriyatlari boshqacha.
• The sick need our help.Kasallar bizning yordamimizga muhtoj.
• The rich don’t always care about others.Boylar har doim ham boshqalar haqida qayg‘urmaydi.

Diqqat: The rich is... — xato. Bu yerda ko‘plik guruh nazarda tutiladi: The rich are...

Sifatni kuchaytirish

the va sifat orasiga ravish qo‘yish mumkin:

• the very poorjuda kambag‘allar
• the extremely richo‘ta boylar
• the seriously injuredog‘ir jarohatlanganlar
• the mentally illruhiy kasallar
• the newly marriedyangi turmush qurganlar

Ijtimoiy guruhlar

V3 (o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi) dan yasalgan guruhlar ham ko‘p ishlatiladi:

• The government is creating jobs for the unemployed.Hukumat ishsizlar uchun ish o‘rinlari yaratmoqda.
• Many people volunteer to help the homeless.Ko‘p odamlar boshpanasizlarga ko‘ngilli yordam beradi.
• Public buildings must be accessible to the disabled.Jamoat binolari nogironligi bor odamlar uchun qulay bo‘lishi kerak.

Diqqat: zamonaviy ingliz tilida odamni markazga qo‘yadigan ifodalar afzal ko‘riladi: people with disabilities, people who are homeless, older people. Rasmiy va muloyim yozuvda ularni ishlatish yaxshi.

Millatlar

-sh, -ch, -ese, -ss bilan tugaydigan millat sifatlari the bilan butun xalqni bildiradi:

• The French are famous for their cuisine.Fransuzlar o‘z oshxonasi bilan mashhur.
• The Japanese work very hard.Yaponlar juda mehnatkash.
• The British drink a lot of tea.Britaniyaliklar ko‘p choy ichishadi.
• The Swiss make excellent watches.Shveytsariyaliklar ajoyib soatlar yasashadi.

Boshqa millatlar oddiy ko‘plik ot bilan aytiladi: the Uzbeks, the Americans, the Germans, the Italians, the Russians.

• The Uzbeks are known for their hospitality.O‘zbeklar mehmondo‘stligi bilan mashhur.

Mavhum tushunchalar — birlikda!

the + sifat ba’zan odamlarni emas, mavhum tushunchani bildiradi. Bunda fe’l birlikda bo‘ladi:

• People are often afraid of the unknown.Odamlar ko‘pincha noma’lumlikdan qo‘rqishadi.
• She always tries to do the impossible.U doim imkonsizni qilishga urinadi.
• The worst is over.Eng yomoni ortda qoldi.
• You’re stating the obvious.Siz ochiq-oydin narsani aytyapsiz.
• Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.Eng yaxshisiga umid qil, eng yomoniga tayyorlan.

Bitta odam haqida

the + sifat faqat guruh uchun. Bitta odam haqida gapirish uchun ot qo‘shish kerak:

• A homeless man asked me for money.Bir boshpanasiz odam mendan pul so‘radi.
• I helped an elderly woman across the road.Keksa ayolga yo‘ldan o‘tishga yordam berdim.
• There were two injured people in the car.Mashinada ikki jarohatlangan odam bor edi.

Istisno: ba’zi so‘zlar ot sifatida ham ishlatiladi va -s oladi: a black / blacks (eskirgan va haqoratomuz — ishlatmang!), a native / natives, a criminal / criminals, a teenager. Bular haqiqiy otlar.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Odamlarning butun guruhi haqida gapiryapsizmi? → the + sifat.
2. -s qo‘shmang, fe’lni ko‘plikda qo‘ying.
3. Bitta yoki bir nechta aniq odammi? → sifat + person / people / man / woman.
4. Mavhum tushunchami? (the unknown) → fe’l birlikda.
5. Millat -sh, -ch, -ese, -ss bilan tugaydimi? → the + sifat.

Misol: “Keksalar ko‘proq g‘amxo‘rlikka muhtoj.”

1. Guruh → the elderly, fe’l ko‘plikda.

Misol: “Bir kambag‘al odam eshikni taqillatdi.”

1. Bitta odam → a poor man.

Misol: “Noma’lumlik meni qo‘rqitadi.”

1. Mavhum tushuncha → the unknown, fe’l birlikda.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: the rich, the poor, the elderly, the unemployed — -s siz, fe’l ko‘plikda. Bitta odam — a poor man. Mavhum — the unknown is.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ijtimoiy masala haqida munozara

• — Do you think the rich should pay higher taxes?— Sizningcha, boylar yuqoriroq soliq to‘lashi kerakmi?
• — Yes. The money could help the poor and the elderly.— Ha. Bu pul kambag‘allar va keksalarga yordam berishi mumkin.
• — But the wealthy already create jobs for the unemployed.— Lekin badavlatlar allaqachon ishsizlar uchun ish o‘rinlari yaratishmoqda.
• — True. But the gap between the rich and the poor is still growing.— To‘g‘ri. Lekin boylar va kambag‘allar orasidagi farq hali ham o‘syapti.

Yangilikdan parcha

• Five people were killed and twenty injured in the accident. The injured were taken to the city hospital.Avariyada besh kishi halok bo‘ldi, yigirma kishi jarohat oldi. Jarohatlanganlar shahar kasalxonasiga olib ketildi.
• Volunteers are collecting food and clothes for the homeless.Ko‘ngillilar boshpanasizlar uchun oziq-ovqat va kiyim yig‘ishmoqda.

Kichik matn: “Mehr-oqibat”

In every society there are people who need help. The elderly often live alone and feel lonely. The sick need doctors and medicine, and the homeless need a warm place to sleep. In my city there is a centre where the young volunteer to help the old. Every Saturday my friends and I visit an elderly woman who lives near us. She tells us stories about the past, when the poor had very little but shared everything. “The worst is not being poor,” she says. “The worst is being forgotten.” Her words remind us that we must never ignore the weak.

Matnda the + sifat tuzilmalarini toping. Qaysilari odamlar guruhini, qaysilari mavhum tushunchani bildiradi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Boylar yanada boyimoqda. → The rich are getting richer.
2. Biz kambag‘allarga yordam berishimiz kerak. → We should help the poor.
3. Keksalar qishda ehtiyot bo‘lishi kerak. → The elderly should be careful in winter.
4. Ishsizlar ish qidirmoqda. → The unemployed are looking for work.
5. Fransuzlar sharob bilan mashhur. → The French are famous for their wine.
6. Bir boshpanasiz odam yordam so‘radi. → A homeless man asked for help.
7. Odamlar noma’lumlikdan qo‘rqishadi. → People are afraid of the unknown.
8. Eng yomoni ortda qoldi. → The worst is over.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• the + sifat — odamlarning butun guruhi: the rich, the poor, the young, the elderly.
• Sifatga -s qo‘shilmaydi; fe’l ko‘plikda: The poor are...
• V3 dan: the unemployed, the injured, the disabled; ravish bilan: the very poor.
• Millatlar (-sh, -ch, -ese, -ss): the British, the French, the Japanese, the Swiss; boshqalari — the Uzbeks, the Germans.
• Mavhum tushunchalar — birlik: The unknown is frightening. The worst is over.
• Bitta odam — ot bilan: a poor man, an elderly woman, two injured people.