So that, In order to

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Maqsad gaplari “nima uchun?”, “nima maqsadda?” degan savolga javob beradi. O‘zbekchada biz “...ish uchun”, “...sin deb”, “...maqsadida” deymiz: Ingliz tilini o‘rganish uchun kursga yozildim. Bolalar uxlasin deb sekin gapirdik.

Ingliz tilida maqsadni ifodalashning bir nechta yo‘li bor:

• to + fe’l — eng oddiy va eng ko‘p: I went to the shop to buy bread.
• in order to / so as to + fe’l — rasmiyroq: We left early in order to catch the train.
• so that + gap — maqsadda boshqa ega yoki modal fe’l bo‘lsa: I spoke slowly so that everyone could understand.
• for + ot — maqsad ot bilan aytilsa: I went out for a walk.

Eng katta xato — o‘zbekcha “uchun” so‘zini doim for deb tarjima qilish: I came here for learn English — xato. Fe’ldan oldin to kerak: I came here to learn English.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. to + fe’l — maqsadni aytishning asosiy usuli.
2. in order to va so as to — rasmiy uslub va inkor shakli.
3. so that — boshqa ega va modal fe’llar bilan.
4. for + ot va for + -ing farqi.
5. Bosqichma-bosqich to‘g‘ri shaklni tanlash.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

to + fe’l — eng oddiy usul

Maqsadni aytishning eng tabiiy usuli — to + fe’lning oddiy shakli (infinitiv). Bu Why? savoliga ham qisqa javob bo‘la oladi.

• I went to the bank to get some money.Pul olish uchun bankka bordim.
• She’s learning English to study abroad.U chet elda o‘qish uchun ingliz tilini o‘rganyapti.
• We stopped to have a rest.Dam olish uchun to‘xtadik.
• He called me to say sorry.U kechirim so‘rash uchun menga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
• — Why did you go to the market? — To buy some fruit.— Bozorga nega bording? — Meva olish uchun.

Diqqat: stop to do va stop doing farqi bor: We stopped to have a rest — “dam olish uchun to‘xtadik”, We stopped having rests — “dam olishni to‘xtatdik (endi dam olmaymiz)”.

in order to va so as to

Bu ikkalasi to bilan bir xil ma’noni beradi, lekin rasmiyroq va maqsadni aniqroq ta’kidlaydi. Ular rasmiy xatlarda, ilmiy matnlarda va ko‘rsatmalarda ko‘p uchraydi.

• The company cut prices in order to attract more customers.Kompaniya ko‘proq mijoz jalb qilish maqsadida narxlarni tushirdi.
• Please arrive early so as to have time for registration.Ro‘yxatdan o‘tishga vaqt qolishi uchun iltimos, ertaroq keling.
• In order to apply, you must fill in this form.Ariza berish uchun ushbu shaklni to‘ldirishingiz kerak.

Inkor maqsad: “...masin deb”

Inkor maqsadni aytish uchun oddiy to ni inkor qilish kamdan-kam ishlatiladi. Uning o‘rniga in order not to yoki so as not to ishlatiladi:

• We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.Chaqaloqni uyg‘otmaslik uchun sekin gapirdik.
• She wrote everything down in order not to forget anything.Hech narsani unutmaslik uchun u hammasini yozib oldi.
• Drive carefully so as not to have an accident.Avariyaga uchramaslik uchun ehtiyot bo‘lib haydang.

so that — boshqa ega bilan

so that dan keyin to‘liq gap keladi: ega + fe’l. U ikki holatda ayniqsa kerak:

1. Maqsaddagi ega boshqa odam bo‘lsa: I explained it again so that she could understand.
2. Maqsadda can, could, will, would kabi modal ma’no bo‘lsa: I’m saving money so that I can buy a car.

• I’ll give you my number so that you can call me.Menga qo‘ng‘iroq qila olishing uchun raqamimni beraman.
• She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear her.Hamma eshitsin deb u baland ovozda gapirdi.
• I’m leaving now so that I won’t be late.Kechikmaslik uchun hozir ketyapman.
• We hid the present so that the children wouldn’t find it.Bolalar topmasin deb sovg‘ani yashirdik.
• Turn on the light so that we can see.Ko‘ra olishimiz uchun chiroqni yoq.

Og‘zaki nutqda that ko‘pincha tushirib qoldiriladi: I’ll call you so you know I’m safe.

Diqqat: so that (maqsad) va so (natija) ni aralashtirmang:

• I left early so that I could catch the train.Poyezdga ulgurish uchun erta chiqdim. (maqsad)
• I left early, so I caught the train.Erta chiqdim, shuning uchun poyezdga ulgurdim. (natija)

for + ot va for + -ing

for maqsad haqida gapiradi, lekin undan keyin ot keladi, fe’l emas.

• Let’s go out for a coffee.Kofe ichgani chiqaylik.
• She came for an interview.U suhbatga keldi.
• I went to the doctor for a check-up.Tekshiruvdan o‘tish uchun shifokorga bordim.
• We stopped for lunch.Tushlik qilish uchun to‘xtadik.

for + -ing esa biror narsaning vazifasini, nima uchun ishlatilishini aytadi:

• This knife is for cutting bread.Bu pichoq non kesish uchun.
• A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.Termometr harorat o‘lchash uchun ishlatiladi.

Lekin odamning maqsadi haqida for + -ing ishlatilmaydi:

Shakllarni solishtiring

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Maqsaddan keyin ot keladimi? (choy, tushlik, suhbat) → for + ot.
2. Maqsaddagi ega gapdagi ega bilan birmi? → to / in order to + fe’l.
3. Ega boshqami yoki can / could kerakmi? → so that + ega + modal.
4. Inkor maqsadmi? → so as not to / in order not to yoki so that ... won’t.

Misol: “Imtihonni topshirish uchun ko‘p o‘qidim.”

1. Ega bir xil (men o‘qidim, men topshiraman).
2. → to + fe’l.

Misol: “Onam ovqatni yashirib qo‘ydi, mushuk yemasin deb.”

1. Maqsaddagi ega boshqa — mushuk.
2. Inkor, o‘tmish → so that ... wouldn’t.

Misol: “Kechikmaslik uchun taksiga o‘tirdim.”

1. Ega bir xil, inkor maqsad → so as not to.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: fe’l bilan — to (yoki rasmiy in order to / so as to); boshqa ega bilan — so that + can / could; ot bilan — for.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ish suhbatida

• — Why do you want to work for our company?— Nega bizning kompaniyada ishlamoqchisiz?
• — I want to work here to gain international experience.— Xalqaro tajriba orttirish uchun shu yerda ishlamoqchiman.
• — Why are you learning German?— Nega nemis tilini o‘rganyapsiz?
• — So that I can communicate with our partners in Berlin.— Berlindagi hamkorlarimiz bilan muloqot qila olishim uchun.
• — And why did you leave your last job?— Oldingi ishingizdan nega ketdingiz?
• — I left in order to study for my master’s degree.— Magistraturada o‘qish uchun ketdim.

Do‘stlar bilan

• — Let’s go out for a pizza tonight!— Bugun kechqurun pitsa yegani chiqaylik!
• — I can’t. I’m staying at home to prepare for my exam.— Bora olmayman. Imtihonga tayyorlanish uchun uyda qolaman.
• — Then I’ll bring some pizza to your place so that you don’t have to cook.— Unda senga ovqat qilish shart bo‘lmasin deb uyingga pitsa olib boraman.
• — You’re the best!— Sen eng zo‘risan!

Kichik matn: “Nega men har kuni erta turaman”

Every day I get up at six to go for a run. I go to bed early so as not to feel tired in the morning. After my run I have a cold shower to wake myself up. Then I make a list of tasks so that I don’t forget anything important. On Saturdays I go to the market for fresh vegetables, and on Sundays I visit my grandparents to help them in the garden. My friends think I’m crazy, but I do all this in order to stay healthy and organised.

Matnda maqsadni bildiruvchi barcha iboralarni toping: to, so as not to, so that, for, in order to. Ularning har biridan keyin nima kelganiga e’tibor bering.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Non olish uchun do‘konga bordim. → I went to the shop to buy bread.
2. Chaqaloqni uyg‘otmaslik uchun sekin gapirdik. → We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
3. Hamma ko‘rsin deb u doskaga yozdi. → She wrote it on the board so that everyone could see it.
4. Kofe ichgani chiqaylik. → Let’s go out for a coffee.
5. Ariza berish uchun bu shaklni to‘ldiring. (rasmiy) → In order to apply, fill in this form.
6. Bu qaychi qog‘oz kesish uchun. → These scissors are for cutting paper.
7. Unutmasligim uchun yozib qo‘yaman. → I’ll write it down so that I don’t forget.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Maqsadni aytishning asosiy usuli — to + fe’l: I came to help.
• Rasmiy: in order to / so as to + fe’l.
• Inkor maqsad: in order not to / so as not to + fe’l.
• Boshqa ega yoki modal bilan: so that + ega + can / could / will / would.
• for + ot: for lunch, for a walk. for + -ing — narsaning vazifasi.
• for learn, for to learn, for buying (odam maqsadi) — xato.
• so that — maqsad, so — natija.