Comparative Adverbs

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Sifatlarni solishtirishni bilasiz: tall → taller → the tallest. Lekin ba’zan biz odamlarni yoki narsalarni emas, harakatlarni solishtiramiz: kim tezroq yuguradi, kim yaxshiroq gapiradi, kim eng ko‘p ishlaydi. Buning uchun ravishlarning qiyosiy darajasi ishlatiladi.

Aziz is taller than me. — Aziz mendan baland bo‘yli. (sifat — Aziz qanday?) Aziz runs faster than me. — Aziz mendan tezroq yuguradi. (ravish — qanday yuguradi?)

O‘zbekchada sifat ham, ravish ham ko‘pincha bir xil: “tez mashina” va “tez yugurmoq”. Ingliz tilida esa ko‘p ravishlar -ly bilan yasaladi: quick → quickly, careful → carefully. Shuning uchun ularning qiyosiy darajasi ham boshqacha: more quickly, more carefully.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Qisqa ravishlar: faster, harder, later.
2. -ly bilan tugaydigan ravishlar: more slowly, more carefully.
3. Noto‘g‘ri ravishlar: better, worse, more, less, further.
4. as ... as va not as ... as.
5. Qiyosiy darajani kuchaytirish: much faster, a bit more slowly.
6. the + qiyosiy, the + qiyosiy: The sooner, the better.

Qisqa ravishlar: -er va -est

Ba’zi ravishlar sifat bilan bir xil shaklda bo‘ladi va -ly olmaydi. Ular sifatlar kabi -er / -est oladi.

• Can you walk faster? We’re late!Tezroq yura olasanmi? Kechikyapmiz!
• She works harder than anyone in the office.U ofisdagi hammadan ko‘ra ko‘proq (qattiqroq) ishlaydi.
• I got up earlier than usual.Odatdagidan ertaroq turdim.
• Who can jump the highest?Kim eng baland sakray oladi?
• Let’s meet later.Keyinroq uchrashaylik.

Diqqat: early — y harfi i ga aylanadi: earlier, earliest. Bu yerda -ly qo‘shimcha emas, so‘zning o‘z qismi.

-ly bilan tugaydigan ravishlar: more / most

Ko‘pchilik ravishlar sifatga -ly qo‘shib yasaladi. Ularning qiyosiy darajasi more, orttirma darajasi most bilan yasaladi.

• Could you speak more slowly, please?Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
• Drive more carefully — the road is wet.Ehtiyotroq haydang — yo‘l ho‘l.
• Please talk more quietly. The baby is asleep.Sekinroq gapiring. Chaqaloq uxlayapti.
• She explains things more clearly than our old teacher.U eski o‘qituvchimizdan ko‘ra tushunarliroq tushuntiradi.
• I go to the gym more often now.Hozir sport zaliga tez-tez boraman.

Diqqat: so‘zlashuvda ba’zan slower, quicker, louder deyiladi: Speak louder! Drive slower! Bu norasmiy, lekin to‘g‘ri. Yozma va rasmiy nutqda more slowly, more loudly ishlating.

Noto‘g‘ri ravishlar

Ba’zi ravishlarning qiyosiy shakli butunlay boshqacha. Ularni yodlab olish kerak:

• She speaks English better than her brother.U ingliz tilida akasidan yaxshiroq gapiradi.
• I played worse than last week.O‘tgan haftadagidan yomonroq o‘ynadim.
• Who works the most in your family?Oilangizda kim eng ko‘p ishlaydi?
• I eat less than I used to.Avvalgidan kamroq ovqat yeyman.
• Which of you lives the furthest from school?Qaysi biringiz maktabdan eng uzoqda yashaysiz?

Diqqat: good — sifat, well — ravish. Ularning qiyosiy darajasi bir xil: better. She is a better singer (sifat) = She sings better (ravish).

as ... as — tenglik

Harakatlar bir xil bo‘lsa, as + ravish + as ishlatiladi. Inkor shaklida esa “...chalik emas” ma’nosi chiqadi.

• I can’t swim as well as you.Men sendek yaxshi suza olmayman.
• She finished as quickly as possible.U imkon qadar tez tugatdi.
• Come as soon as you can.Iloji boricha tezroq keling.
• He doesn’t drive as carefully as his wife.U xotinichalik ehtiyotkorlik bilan haydamaydi.

as soon as possible (ASAP) — “imkon qadar tezroq”: juda ko‘p ishlatiladigan ibora.

Qiyosiy darajani kuchaytirish va yumshatish

Farq katta yoki kichik ekanini ko‘rsatish uchun qiyosiy darajadan oldin quyidagi so‘zlar keladi:

• He runs much faster than me.U mendan ancha tezroq yuguradi.
• You’re doing a lot better this year.Bu yil ancha yaxshiroq o‘qiyapsan.
• Could you speak a bit more slowly?Biroz sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
• The train arrived slightly later than planned.Poyezd rejadagidan sal kechroq keldi.

very faster deyilmaydi! very qiyosiy daraja bilan ishlatilmaydi — much yoki a lot kerak.

the + qiyosiy, the + qiyosiy

Bu tuzilma “qancha ... bo‘lsa, shuncha ...” degan ma’noni beradi:

• The sooner you start, the earlier you’ll finish.Qancha erta boshlasangiz, shuncha erta tugatasiz.
• The more you practise, the better you speak.Qancha ko‘p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshi gapirasiz.
• The harder I work, the more I earn.Qancha qattiq ishlasam, shuncha ko‘p topaman.
• — When should I call you? — The sooner, the better.— Sizga qachon qo‘ng‘iroq qilay? — Qancha tez bo‘lsa, shuncha yaxshi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Harakatni solishtiryapsizmi? (qanday qiladi?) → ravish kerak.
2. Ravish -ly bilan tugaydimi? → more / most + ravish.
3. Qisqa ravishmi? (fast, hard, late, early) → -er / -est.
4. well, badly, much, little, far? → better, worse, more, less, further.
5. Farq qanchalik? → much / a lot / a bit + qiyosiy (very emas).

Misol: “U mendan tushunarliroq yozadi.”

1. Harakat — yozmoq → ravish clearly.
2. -ly bilan → more clearly.

Misol: “Men akamdan ancha yaxshiroq suzaman.”

1. Ravish — well → better.
2. Katta farq → much.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: fast → faster, slowly → more slowly, well → better, badly → worse. hard — qattiq, hardly — deyarli yo‘q.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Haydovchilik darsida

• — You’re driving too fast. Drive more slowly, please.— Juda tez haydayapsiz. Sekinroq haydang, iltimos.
• — Sorry. Is this better?— Kechirasiz. Shunday yaxshimi?
• — Yes, but turn the wheel more smoothly.— Ha, lekin rulni silliqroq buring.
• — I think I’m driving better than last week.— Menimcha, o‘tgan haftadagidan yaxshiroq haydayapman.
• — You are! The more you practise, the more confidently you’ll drive.— Ha! Qancha ko‘p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha ishonch bilan haydaysiz.

Sport musobaqasidan keyin

• — Who ran the fastest today?— Bugun kim eng tez yugurdi?
• — Dilshod. He ran much faster than everyone else.— Dilshod. U hammadan ancha tez yugurdi.
• — And how did you do?— Sen-chi?
• — I did worse than last time. I started too slowly.— O‘tgan safardagidan yomonroq. Juda sekin boshladim.

Kichik matn: “Ikki aka-uka”

My two sons are very different. Timur, the older one, does everything quickly: he eats faster, talks more loudly and runs the fastest in his class. But he doesn’t write as carefully as his brother. Bobur, the younger one, works more slowly, but he thinks more deeply and makes fewer mistakes. At school Bobur does better in maths, while Timur plays football much better. I always tell them: “The harder you work, the more you’ll achieve.”

Matndagi har bir qiyosiy ravishni toping. Qaysilari -er, qaysilari more, qaysilari noto‘g‘ri shaklda yasalgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Sekinroq gapira olasizmi? → Could you speak more slowly?
2. U mendan tezroq yuguradi. → He runs faster than me.
3. Opam mendan yaxshiroq ovqat pishiradi. → My sister cooks better than me.
4. Men sendek yaxshi suza olmayman. → I can’t swim as well as you.
5. Bugun odatdagidan ertaroq turdim. → I got up earlier than usual today.
6. Qancha ko‘p o‘qisang, shuncha ko‘p bilasan. → The more you read, the more you know.
7. U ancha ehtiyotroq haydaydi. → She drives much more carefully.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Harakatlarni solishtirish uchun ravishning qiyosiy darajasi ishlatiladi.
• Qisqa ravishlar: fast → faster → the fastest (hard, late, early, soon).
• -ly ravishlar: slowly → more slowly → the most slowly.
• Noto‘g‘ri: well → better, badly → worse, much → more, little → less, far → further.
• Tenglik: as fast as; teng emas: not as well as.
• Kuchaytirish: much / a lot / far + qiyosiy (very emas).
• The more ..., the better ... — qancha ..., shuncha ...