Short Forms — Qisqartmalar: I’m, don’t

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Inglizlar gapirganda so‘zlarni ko‘pincha qisqartiradi: I am o‘rniga I’m, do not o‘rniga don’t. Bunday qisqa shakllar contractions deyiladi. Tushib qolgan harf o‘rniga apostrof (’) qo‘yiladi.

Qisqa shakllar og‘zaki nutqda va norasmiy yozuvda (xabar, xat) juda ko‘p ishlatiladi. Rasmiy hujjatlarda esa to‘liq shakl afzal.

Fe’l “to be”I am → I’m, she is → she’s, they are → they’re

Inkordo not → don’t, is not → isn’t, cannot → can’t

BoshqalarI have → I’ve, I will → I’ll, I would → I’d

I’m a student.Men talabaman.
She’s from Khiva.U Xivadan.
We don’t like coffee.Biz qahvani yoqtirmaymiz.
It isn’t cold today.Bugun sovuq emas.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

to be fe’lining qisqa shakllari.
Inkor qisqa shakllari: don’t, isn’t, can’t.
have, will, would ning qisqa shakllari.
’s — is, has yoki egalik?
Qachon qisqartirib bo‘lmaydi.

to be ning qisqa shakllari

To‘liq	Qisqa	Inkor (2 xil)
I am	I’m	I’m not
you are	you’re	you aren’t / you’re not
he is	he’s	he isn’t / he’s not
she is	she’s	she isn’t / she’s not
it is	it’s	it isn’t / it’s not
we are	we’re	we aren’t / we’re not
they are	they’re	they aren’t / they’re not

Diqqat: I amn’t degan shakl yo‘q. Faqat I’m not.

Inkor qisqa shakllari

do notdon’t

does notdoesn’t

is notisn’t

are notaren’t

cannotcan’t

will notwon’t (willn’t emas!)

was not / were notwasn’t / weren’t

did notdidn’t

I don’t know.Bilmayman.
He doesn’t eat meat.U go‘sht yemaydi.
You can’t park here.Bu yerga mashina qo‘yib bo‘lmaydi.
I won’t tell anyone.Hech kimga aytmayman.

have, will, would

To‘liq	Qisqa
I have / we have	I’ve / we’ve
he has / she has	he’s / she’s
I will / you will	I’ll / you’ll
I would / I had	I’d

I’ve got a cat.Mening mushugim bor.
I’ll call you later.Keyinroq qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
I’d like a tea, please.Bir choy istardim.

’s nimani bildiradi?

’s uch xil narsa bo‘lishi mumkin. Gapga qarab ajratiladi:

isShe’s a doctor. = She is a doctor.

hasShe’s got a car. = She has got a car.

egalikAli’s car = Alining mashinasi

Qoida: ’s dan keyin got yoki fe’lning 3-shakli kelsa — bu has. Aks holda ko‘pincha is.

it’s yoki its?

Bu juda ko‘p uchraydigan xato:

it’s	its
= it is / it has	egalik: uning (narsa yoki hayvon)
It’s hot.	The cat ate its food.

Qisqartirib bo‘lmaydigan holat

Qisqa ijobiy javobda qisqa shakl ishlatilmaydi:

— Are you tired? — Yes, I am.(Yes, I’m. — xato)
— Is she here? — Yes, she is.(Yes, she’s. — xato)
— Are they ready? — No, they aren’t.(inkor qisqa bo‘laveradi)

Qisqa shakllar qayerda ishlatiladi?

Qisqa shakllar — og‘zaki nutq va norasmiy yozuv uchun. Rasmiy matnda to‘liq shakl afzal:

Qisqa shakl (norasmiy)	To‘liq shakl (rasmiy)
do‘stga SMS, chat	rasmiy xat, ariza
kundalik suhbat	ilmiy maqola, hisobot
shaxsiy email	IELTS / imtihon inshosi
dialog, kino, qo‘shiq	hujjat, shartnoma

Hi Aziz! I’m at home. Don’t forget the party!Salom Aziz! Uydaman. Ziyofatni unutma! (SMS)
Dear Sir, I am writing to apply for the position.Hurmatli janob, lavozimga ariza berish uchun yozyapman. (rasmiy)

Savol va qisqa javoblarda

Qisqa shakllar savollarda va inkor qisqa javoblarda juda ko‘p:

Isn’t it beautiful?Chiroyli emasmi?
Don’t you like it?Sizga yoqmaydimi?
Can’t you swim?Suza olmaysizmi?
— Are you tired? — No, I’m not. / No, I am not.— Charchadingmi? — Yo‘q.
— Is he here? — No, he isn’t.— U shu yerdami? — Yo‘q.

Diqqat: bo‘lishli qisqa javobda qisqa shakl ishlatilmaydi:

To‘g‘ri— Are you ready? — Yes, I am.

Xato— Are you ready? — Yes, I’m.

To‘g‘ri— Is she a doctor? — Yes, she is.

Xato— Is she a doctor? — Yes, she’s.

Ikki xil inkor qisqa shakl

to be inkorida ikki xil qisqa shakl bor — ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri:

1-shakl	2-shakl
you aren’t	you’re not
he isn’t	he’s not
they aren’t	they’re not

She isn’t here. = She’s not here.U bu yerda emas.
We aren’t ready. = We’re not ready.Biz tayyor emasmiz.

I bilan faqat bitta shakl: I’m not (I amn’t — yo‘q!).

Og‘zaki qisqartmalar: gonna, wanna

Kino va qo‘shiqlarda juda norasmiy shakllarni eshitasiz. Ularni tushunish kerak, lekin yozmaslik kerak:

Og‘zaki	To‘liq
gonna	going to
wanna	want to
gotta	have got to
ain’t	am not / isn’t / haven’t
dunno	don’t know
y’all	you all (AmE)

I’m gonna call you. = I’m going to call you.Senga qo‘ng‘iroq qilaman.
I wanna go home. = I want to go home.Uyga ketgim kelyapti.

Bosqichma-bosqich

Ikki so‘zni toping: I + am, do + not.
Tushadigan harfni aniqlang: I am → a tushadi; do not → o tushadi.
Apostrof qo‘ying: I’m, don’t.

Misol: “They are not here.”

they are not → ikki xil qisqartirish mumkin.
they’re not yoki they aren’t.

NatijaThey aren’t here. / They’re not here.

Misol: “He has got a brother.”

he has → he’s.

NatijaHe’s got a brother.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

✗ ~~I amn’t tired.~~

✓ I’m not tired.

I amn’t degan shakl yo‘q.

✗ ~~He don’t like it.~~

✓ He doesn’t like it.

he/she/it bilan doesn’t.

✗ ~~I willn’t go.~~

✓ I won’t go.

will not → won’t.

✗ ~~Its cold today.~~

✓ It’s cold today.

It is → it’s (apostrof bilan).

✗ ~~The dog wants it’s ball.~~

✓ The dog wants its ball.

Egalik — its (apostrofsiz).

✗ ~~Yes, I’m.~~

✓ Yes, I am.

Qisqa ijobiy javobda qisqartirilmaydi.

✗ ~~Dont worry.~~

✓ Don’t worry.

Apostrof tushib qolmasin.

✗ ~~I can not swim.~~

✓ I can’t / cannot swim.

cannot bitta so‘z.

✗ ~~— Are you ready? — Yes, I’m.~~

✓ — Are you ready? — Yes, I am.

Bo‘lishli qisqa javobda qisqa shakl yo‘q.

✗ ~~— Is he OK? — Yes, he’s.~~

✓ — Is he OK? — Yes, he is.

Bo‘lishli qisqa javob.

✗ ~~I amn’t tired.~~

✓ I’m not tired.

I bilan — I’m not.

✗ ~~Dear Sir, I’m writing to complain. (rasmiy xat)~~

✓ Dear Sir, I am writing to complain.

Rasmiy matnda to‘liq shakl.

✗ ~~I’m gonna study tonight. (insho)~~

✓ I am going to study tonight.

gonna — faqat og‘zaki.

Eslab qoling: won’t = will not, can’t = cannot, I’m not (I amn’t emas), it’s = it is, its = uning.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Telefondagi xabar

Hi Dilshod! I’m at the station. The train isn’t here yet. It’s late again! I’ll be home at 8. Don’t wait for me for dinner. We’re going to the cinema tomorrow, aren’t we? I’ve got the tickets.

Do‘stlar o‘rtasida SMS

— Hi! Where’re you? We’re waiting!— Salom! Qayerdasan? Kutyapmiz!
— Sorry, I’m late. The bus didn’t come.— Kechirasan, kechikdim. Avtobus kelmadi.
— It’s OK. We’ll order now. What d’you want?— Mayli. Hozir buyurtma beramiz. Nima xohlaysan?
— Pizza! I’ll be there in 10 min.— Pitsa! 10 daqiqada yetib boraman.
— Don’t worry, there’s no rush.— Xavotir olma, shoshilish shart emas.

Kichik matn: “Ikki xat”

Bugun men ikki xat yozdim. Birinchisi — do‘stimga:

“Hi Lola! I’m in Bukhara now. It’s amazing! We’ve seen lots of old buildings. I’ll send you photos. Can’t wait to see you!”

Ikkinchisi — universitetga:

“Dear Professor Smith, I am writing to ask about the summer course. I have read the information on your website, but I do not understand the price. I would be grateful for your help.”

Ikkala xatni solishtiring. Birinchisida qaysi qisqa shakllar bor? Ikkinchisida ular nima uchun to‘liq yozilgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

I am → I’m
will not → won’t
does not → doesn’t
She’s got a dog. — ’s = ? → has
___ raining. (it’s / its) → It’s
— Are you ready? — Yes, I ___. → am
— Charchadingmi? — Ha. → — Are you tired? — Yes, I am.
“I am not” ning qisqa shakli → I’m not
“She is not” ning ikki qisqa shakli → She isn’t / She’s not
Rasmiy xatda: “I’m writing...” to‘g‘rimi? → Yo‘q, I am writing...

Qisqa xulosa

Qisqa shakl = apostrof (’) tushgan harf o‘rnida.
I’m, you’re, he’s, it’s, we’re, they’re.
Inkor: don’t, doesn’t, isn’t, aren’t, can’t, won’t, didn’t.
I’ve, I’ll, I’d — have, will, would/had.
’s = is, has yoki egalik.
it’s = it is; its = uning.
Qisqa ijobiy javobda to‘liq shakl: Yes, I am.