Could: Past Ability

Oddiy qilib aytganda

can — hozirgi qobiliyat: I can swim. (Suza olaman.) O‘tmishdagi qobiliyat uchun could ishlatiladi: I could swim when I was five. (Besh yoshimda suza olardim.)

Inkor: couldn’t — “qila olmadim / qila olmasdim”.

• My grandfather could speak four languages.Bobom to‘rt tilda gapira olardi.
• I couldn’t find my keys.Kalitlarimni topa olmadim.
• Could you see the stage?Sahnani ko‘ra oldingizmi?
• She couldn’t come yesterday.U kecha kela olmadi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. could — o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat.
2. couldn’t — o‘tmishda qila olmaslik.
3. could bilan savol va qisqa javob.
4. was/were able to — bir martalik muvaffaqiyat.
5. could ning boshqa ma’nolari (muloyim iltimos).

Umumiy qobiliyat

could — o‘tmishda umuman nimadir qila olish (qobiliyat, ko‘nikma):

• When I was young, I could run very fast.Yoshligimda juda tez yugura olardim.
• She could play the piano at six.U olti yoshida pianino chala olardi.
• Before the operation, he couldn’t walk.Operatsiyadan oldin u yura olmasdi.

couldn’t — bitta vaziyatda ham

Inkor couldn’t ham umumiy, ham bitta aniq vaziyat uchun ishlatiladi:

• I couldn’t sleep last night.Kecha uxlay olmadim.
• We couldn’t get tickets.Chipta ola olmadik.
• I’m sorry, I couldn’t call you.Kechirasiz, sizga qo‘ng‘iroq qila olmadim.
• The bus was full, so we couldn’t get on.Avtobus to‘la edi, shuning uchun chiqa olmadik.

Savol va qisqa javob

could — modal fe’l, did kerak emas:

Did you could...? — xato.

was / were able to

Bir martalik, qiyin vaziyatdagi muvaffaqiyat haqida could emas, was/were able to (yoki managed to) ishlatiladi:

• The exam was hard, but I was able to pass.Imtihon qiyin edi, lekin o‘ta oldim.
• We managed to catch the last bus.Oxirgi avtobusga ulgurdik.

Inkorda farq yo‘q: I couldn’t / wasn’t able to find it — ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri.

Sezgi fe’llari bilan

see, hear, smell, feel, understand bilan could — bir martalik holatda ham normal:

• I could hear music from the next room.Qo‘shni xonadan musiqa eshitilardi.
• We could see the sea from our hotel.Mehmonxonamizdan dengiz ko‘rinardi.

could — boshqa ma’no

could o‘tmishdan tashqari muloyim iltimos va ehtimollik uchun ham ishlatiladi:

• Could you help me?Yordam bera olasizmi? (hozir, muloyim)
• It could rain later.Keyinroq yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin. (ehtimol)

could va couldn’t — taqqoslash

could va couldn’t ni boshqa davr bilan solishtirish uchun ko‘p ishlatiladi:

• When I was five, I could swim, but I couldn’t ride a bike.Besh yoshimda suza olardim, lekin velosiped hayday olmasdim.
• My grandfather could speak three languages.Bobom uchta tilda gapira olardi.
• Before the internet, people couldn’t send emails.Internetdan oldin odamlar elektron xat yubora olmasdi.
• I can cook now, but I couldn’t cook a year ago.Hozir ovqat pishira olaman, lekin bir yil oldin pishira olmasdim.

could + always / never / easily

could ko‘pincha chastota va daraja ravishlari bilan keladi:

• She could always make us laugh.U doim bizni kuldira olardi.
• I could never understand maths.Men hech qachon matematikani tushuna olmasdim.
• He could easily run 10 kilometres.U 10 kilometrni bemalol yugura olardi.
• We could hardly hear the teacher.O‘qituvchini zo‘rg‘a eshitardik.

could hardly — “zo‘rg‘a ... olardi” (inkor ma’no): I could hardly breathe. — Zo‘rg‘a nafas olardim.

managed to va succeeded in

Bitta aniq qiyin vaziyatda muvaffaqiyatga erishganini aytish uchun could emas, quyidagilar ishlatiladi:

• The exam was difficult, but I managed to pass.Imtihon qiyin edi, lekin o‘ta oldim.
• After two hours, we managed to find the hotel.Ikki soatdan keyin mehmonxonani topa oldik.
• The firemen succeeded in saving everyone.O‘t o‘chiruvchilar hammani qutqarib qolishga muvaffaq bo‘lishdi.

managed to — “qiyinchilik bilan bo‘lsa ham uddaladi” degan ohangga ega.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. O‘tmishdagi qobiliyatmi? → could / couldn’t.
2. Bir martalik, qiyin muvaffaqiyatmi (bo‘lishli)? → was/were able to.
3. could + fe’lning asosiy shakli, to yo‘q.

Misol: “Ukam ikki yoshida gapira olardi.”

1. Umumiy qobiliyat → could.

Misol: “Tirbandlik bor edi, lekin o‘z vaqtida yetib bora oldik.”

1. Bir martalik muvaffaqiyat → were able to.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: could — o‘tmishdagi umumiy qobiliyat. Bir martalik muvaffaqiyat — was able to / managed to. Inkorda — couldn’t har doim mumkin.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Bobom haqida

My grandfather was an amazing man. He could speak Uzbek, Russian, Tajik and a little German. He could fix anything – cars, radios, clocks. He couldn’t read until he was twenty, but then he learned very fast. Once, during a storm, his car broke down in the mountains, but he was able to repair it and drive home. Everyone said: “He could do anything!”

Avariyadan keyin

• — Are you OK? What happened?— Yaxshimisan? Nima bo‘ldi?
• — A car hit my bike. I couldn’t stop in time.— Mashina velosipedimni urib yubordi. O‘z vaqtida to‘xtay olmadim.
• — Oh no! Could you walk after that?— Voy! Undan keyin yura oldingmi?
• — Not at first. But after ten minutes I managed to stand up.— Avvaliga yo‘q. Lekin o‘n daqiqadan keyin turishga muvaffaq bo‘ldim.
• — Did you call anyone?— Birovga qo‘ng‘iroq qildingmi?
• — My phone was broken, but a woman was able to call an ambulance.— Telefonim singan edi, lekin bir ayol tez yordam chaqira oldi.

Kichik matn: “Mening bolaligim”

When I was a little girl, I could run very fast — faster than all the boys in my street! I could climb trees and swim in the river. But I couldn’t read until I was seven, and I could never sit still in class. My grandmother could tell wonderful stories, and I could listen to her for hours. Once, I got lost in the market. I was very scared, and I couldn’t find my mother anywhere. Finally, a kind man was able to help me, and I managed to find her near the fruit stall.

Matndan could, couldn’t, was able to va managed to ni toping. Qaysilari umumiy qobiliyatni, qaysilari bir martalik muvaffaqiyatni bildiradi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I ___ ride a bike when I was six. → could
2. We ___ (not) open the door. It was locked. → couldn’t
3. ___ you speak English at school? → Could
4. The test was hard, but I ___ ___ ___ pass. → was able to
5. Tuzating: I didn’t could sleep. → I couldn’t sleep.
6. Besh yoshimda suza olardim. → When I was five, I could swim.
7. Imtihon qiyin edi, lekin o‘ta oldim. → The exam was hard, but I managed to pass.
8. Uni zo‘rg‘a eshitardim. → I could hardly hear him.
9. U hammani qutqarishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. (rasmiy) → He succeeded in saving everyone.

Qisqa xulosa

• could — o‘tmishdagi qobiliyat: I could swim at five.
• couldn’t — qila olmadim/olmasdim (umumiy yoki bir martalik).
• Savol: Could you...? — did kerak emas.
• could + asosiy shakl, to yo‘q, -s yo‘q.
• Bir martalik muvaffaqiyat: was / were able to, managed to.
• Sezgi fe’llari bilan could — bemalol: I could hear music.