Emphatic Devices

Oddiy qilib aytganda

C1 darajasida faqat nima deyishni emas, balki qanday ta’sirli aytishni ham bilish muhim. Ingliz tilida urg‘u (emphasis) berishning ko‘p usullari bor. Bu darsda so‘z darajasidagi urg‘u vositalarini o‘rganamiz:

• the very + ot — “aynan o‘sha”, “eng”: This is the very book I was looking for.
• at all / whatsoever — inkor va savolni kuchaytiradi: I don’t like it at all.
• by far / easily — orttirma darajani kuchaytiradi: She’s by far the best student.
• do / did — fe’lni kuchaytiradi: I do like it!
• -self — “o‘zi”: The president himself came.
• on earth / ever — savolni kuchaytiradi: What on earth are you doing?

O‘zbek tilida bu ma’nolar ko‘pincha “aynan”, “hatto”, “umuman”, “shubhasiz eng”, “o‘zi”, “nahotki”, “axir” kabi so‘zlar yoki intonatsiya bilan beriladi.

(Gap darajasidagi urg‘u — It was John who..., What I need is... — “Cleft sentences” darsida.)

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. the very — aynan, eng.
2. at all, whatsoever — inkorni kuchaytirish.
3. by far, easily — orttirma darajani kuchaytirish.
4. -self — “o‘zi” ma’nosidagi urg‘u.
5. on earth, ever — savolni kuchaytirish.
6. Takror va boshqa vositalar: such, so, really, indeed.

the very — aynan, eng

the very + ot — “aynan o‘sha”, “eng”, “hatto”:

• He died in the very house where he was born.U aynan o‘zi tug‘ilgan uyda vafot etdi.
• At the very end of the film, everything became clear.Filmning eng oxirida hamma narsa aniq bo‘ldi.
• This is the very best plov I’ve ever eaten.Bu men yegan eng zo‘r osh.
• The very idea of flying makes me nervous.Uchish haqidagi fikrning o‘zi meni hayajonga soladi.
• She was the very first person to arrive.U eng birinchi kelgan odam edi.
• You’re the very person I wanted to see!Aynan siz bilan ko‘rishmoqchi edim!

Diqqat: bu yerdagi very — sifat emas, aniqlovchi: the very + ot (very book — oddiy “juda” ma’nosi emas!).

at all, whatsoever, in the least

Bu iboralar inkor va savolni kuchaytiradi:

• I don’t like horror films at all.Qo‘rqinchli filmlarni umuman yoqtirmayman.
• Do you have any money at all?Umuman pulingiz bormi?
• There’s no reason whatsoever to worry.Xavotirlanish uchun hech qanday sabab yo‘q.
• I’m not in the least surprised.Sira ham hayron emasman.
• It doesn’t matter in the slightest.Bu zarracha ham muhim emas.
• Nothing at all happened.Umuman hech narsa sodir bo‘lmadi.

at all savolda “umuman”, “hech bo‘lmasa”: Is there anything at all I can do? — “Umuman qila oladigan biror ishim bormi?”

Batafsil — “Murakkab inkor” darsida.

by far, easily — orttirma darajani kuchaytirish

Orttirma darajani kuchaytirish uchun by far, easily, much, far and away ishlatiladi:

• She’s by far the best student in the class.U, shubhasiz, sinfdagi eng yaxshi o‘quvchi.
• This is easily the most beautiful city I’ve visited.Bu men borgan shaharlarning hech shubhasiz eng go‘zali.
• It was far and away the worst day of my life.Bu, shubhasiz, hayotimdagi eng yomon kun edi.
• He’s much the cleverest of the three.U uchalasining eng aqllisi. (rasmiy)
• That’s the best film ever!Bu eng zo‘r film!
• It was the hottest day on record.Bu qayd etilgan eng issiq kun edi.

Qiyosiy darajani kuchaytirish: much / far / a lot / even + qiyosiy:

• This exam was much harder than the last one.Bu imtihon oldingisidan ancha qiyinroq edi.
• Today is even colder than yesterday.Bugun kechagidan ham sovuqroq.

-self — “o‘zi”

O‘zlik olmoshlari (myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) urg‘u uchun ham ishlatiladi — “o‘zi”, “shaxsan”:

• The president himself opened the new hospital.Yangi kasalxonani prezidentning o‘zi ochdi.
• I made this cake myself.Bu tortni o‘zim pishirdim.
• The building itself is beautiful, but the area is dangerous.Binoning o‘zi chiroyli, lekin hudud xavfli.
• Did you do it yourself?Buni o‘zingiz qildingizmi?
• We ourselves were surprised.Biz o‘zimiz ham hayron qoldik.

Diqqat: bu reflexive (o‘zlik) ma’nosidan farq qiladi: He hurt himself (o‘zini jarohatladi) va He himself said it (uning o‘zi aytdi). Urg‘u ma’nosida olmosh otdan keyin yoki gap oxirida keladi.

on earth, ever — savolni kuchaytirish

Hayrat, g‘azab yoki sabrsizlikni ifodalash uchun so‘roq so‘zlaridan keyin on earth yoki ever qo‘shiladi:

• What on earth are you doing?Nima qilyapsan o‘zi?!
• Where on earth have you been?Qayerlarda yurding o‘zi?
• Why on earth did you tell her?Nega endi unga aytding?!
• How ever did you find this place?Bu joyni qanday qilib topding o‘zi?
• Who ever told you that?Buni senga kim aytdi o‘zi?
• Why ever not?Nega endi yo‘q?

in the world ham shu ma’noda: What in the world is that?

Boshqa urg‘u vositalari

so va such

• It was so cold that we stayed inside.Shunchalik sovuq ediki, ichkarida qoldik.
• It was such a beautiful day!Shunday ajoyib kun edi!

really, indeed, truly

• I really appreciate your help.Yordamingizni chin dildan qadrlayman.
• Thank you very much indeed.Sizga cheksiz minnatdorman. (rasmiy, britancha)
• It was truly amazing.Bu haqiqatan ham ajoyib edi.
• — Is he rich? — Indeed he is. / He is indeed.— U boymi? — Ha, haqiqatan ham.

Takrorlash

• I’ve told you again and again!Senga qayta-qayta aytdim!
• Prices are getting higher and higher.Narxlar borgan sari oshyapti.
• We walked for miles and miles.Juda uzoq yo‘l yurdik.
• It’s very, very important.Bu juda-juda muhim.

do / did — fe’l urg‘usi

• I do hope you’ll come.Kelishingizga juda umid qilaman.
• She did call you — twice!U senga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi-ku — ikki marta!

Batafsil — “Kuchaytiruvchi do” darsida.

Vositalarni solishtiring

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Nimani kuchaytiryapsiz? (ot, inkor, orttirma, savol, fe’l, shaxs)
2. Jadvaldan mos vositani tanlang.
3. O‘rniga e’tibor bering: the very — otdan oldin; at all — inkor oxirida; by far — the dan oldin; on earth — so‘roq so‘zidan keyin; -self — otdan keyin.

Misol: “Aynan shu payt telefon jiringladi.”

1. Otni kuchaytirish → the very + moment.

Misol: “Bu, shubhasiz, eng qiyin imtihon edi.”

1. Orttirma → by far.

Misol: “Nega endi buni qilding?!”

1. Savolni kuchaytirish → on earth.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: the very + ot; not ... at all; by far the best; much better; the boss himself; What on earth...?; I do like it.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Kutilmagan uchrashuv

• — Aziz! You’re the very person I wanted to see!— Aziz! Aynan sen bilan ko‘rishmoqchi edim!
• — Really? Why?— Rostdanmi? Nega?
• — I need your help at the very last minute — my presentation is tomorrow!— Eng so‘nggi daqiqada yordaming kerak — taqdimotim ertaga!
• — Why on earth didn’t you start earlier?— Nega endi ertaroq boshlamading?
• — I did start! But my computer crashed.— Boshlaganman-ku! Lekin kompyuterim buzilib qoldi.
• — OK, OK. I’ll do it myself if necessary.— Xo‘p, xo‘p. Kerak bo‘lsa o‘zim qilaman.

Sharh

• This is by far the best restaurant in the city.Bu, shubhasiz, shahardagi eng yaxshi restoran.
• The food is truly amazing, and the chef himself comes to talk to the guests.Ovqatlar haqiqatan ham ajoyib, oshpazning o‘zi mehmonlar bilan suhbatlashgani chiqadi.
• There’s nothing at all I would change.Men o‘zgartirishni xohlaydigan umuman hech narsa yo‘q.

Kichik matn: “Eng yaxshi kun”

My graduation day was by far the happiest day of my life. The very moment I received my diploma, I started crying. My parents had travelled all the way from Fergana — the very first time they had visited the capital. The rector himself shook my hand and congratulated me. I do remember thinking, “I really did it!” Later, my brother asked, “What on earth are you going to do now?” I had no idea whatsoever. But that didn’t matter at all — it was such a perfect day.

Matndagi barcha urg‘u vositalarini toping va ularni turlariga ajrating: ot, inkor, orttirma, savol, fe’l, shaxs.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Bu aynan menga kerak bo‘lgan kitob. → This is the very book I needed.
2. Men uni umuman yoqtirmayman. → I don’t like it at all.
3. U, shubhasiz, eng yaxshi o‘yinchi. → He’s by far the best player.
4. Direktorning o‘zi keldi. → The director himself came.
5. Nima qilyapsan o‘zi?! → What on earth are you doing?
6. Bu imtihon ancha qiyinroq edi. → This exam was much harder.
7. Eng oxirida hammasi aniq bo‘ldi. → At the very end, everything became clear.
8. Xavotirlanish uchun hech qanday sabab yo‘q. → There’s no reason whatsoever to worry.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• the very + ot — aynan, eng: the very book, the very end, the very best.
• not ... at all, no ... whatsoever, not in the least — inkorni kuchaytiradi.
• by far / easily / far and away + the + orttirma; much / far / even + qiyosiy.
• -self (urg‘u) — otdan keyin: the president himself.
• on earth / ever / in the world — so‘roq so‘zidan keyin: What on earth...?
• do / did + fe’l; so / such; really / indeed / truly; takror: again and again.