Foreign Plurals

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ingliz tilidagi ko‘plab ilmiy va akademik so‘zlar lotin va yunon tillaridan kirgan. Ular ko‘pincha o‘z asl ko‘plik shaklini saqlab qolgan — ya’ni -s emas, boshqa qo‘shimcha oladi:

one criterion → two criteria (mezon → mezonlar) one phenomenon → many phenomena (hodisa → hodisalar) one analysis → several analyses (tahlil → tahlillar) one curriculum → different curricula (o‘quv dasturi → dasturlar)

Bu so‘zlar ilmiy maqolalar, IELTS Writing, hisobotlar va universitet matnlarida juda ko‘p uchraydi. Ularda eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato — ko‘plik shaklini birlik deb ishlatish: This criteria is important — xato. To‘g‘risi: This criterion is yoki These criteria are.

O‘zbek tilida ham shunga o‘xshash holat bor: arabchadan kirgan ilm → ulum, kitob → kutub kabi juftliklar. Lekin o‘zbek tilida biz ularni deyarli ishlatmaymiz — kitoblar deymiz. Ingliz tilida esa lotin va yunon ko‘pliklari faol ishlatiladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. -is → -es: analysis, crisis, hypothesis.
2. -on → -a: criterion, phenomenon.
3. -um → -a: curriculum, medium, bacterium.
4. -us → -i: stimulus, nucleus, fungus.
5. data va media — maxsus holatlar.
6. Ikki xil ko‘plikli so‘zlar: formulas / formulae, indexes / indices.

-is → -es

Yunon tilidan kirgan -is bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar ko‘plikda -es oladi. Talaffuz ham o‘zgaradi: -is /ɪs/ → -es /iːz/.

• The analysis shows a clear trend.Tahlil aniq tendensiyani ko‘rsatadi.
• Several analyses were carried out.Bir nechta tahlillar o‘tkazildi.
• The country has faced many economic crises.Mamlakat ko‘plab iqtisodiy inqirozlarga duch kelgan.
• She is writing her thesis on climate change.U iqlim o‘zgarishi haqida dissertatsiya yozyapti.
• Scientists tested three different hypotheses.Olimlar uchta turli gipotezani sinab ko‘rishdi.

-on → -a

Yunon tilidan kirgan -on bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar:

• The main criterion for selection is experience.Tanlovning asosiy mezoni — tajriba.
• What are the criteria for the scholarship?Stipendiya mezonlari qanday?
• Lightning is a natural phenomenon.Chaqmoq — tabiiy hodisa.
• Scientists are studying these strange phenomena.Olimlar bu g‘alati hodisalarni o‘rganishmoqda.

Diqqat: a criteria, this phenomena, criterias — xato. Bular allaqachon ko‘plik!

-um → -a

Lotin tilidan kirgan -um bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar:

• Schools in different countries have different curricula.Turli mamlakatlardagi maktablarning o‘quv dasturlari har xil.
• Some bacteria are useful for the body.Ba’zi bakteriyalar tana uchun foydali.
• Television is a powerful medium.Televizor — kuchli axborot vositasi.
• The pyramids have stood for millennia.Piramidalar ming yillar davomida turibdi.

Diqqat: museum, album, forum, stadium kabi so‘zlar oddiy -s oladi: museums, albums, stadiums. Hamma -um so‘zlar -a olmaydi!

-us → -i

Lotin tilidan kirgan -us bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar. Talaffuz: -i /aɪ/.

• Plants respond to different stimuli such as light.O‘simliklar yorug‘lik kabi turli qo‘zg‘atuvchilarga javob beradi.
• The university has thousands of alumni around the world.Universitetning butun dunyo bo‘ylab minglab bitiruvchilari bor.
• Some fungi are poisonous.Ba’zi zamburug‘lar zaharli.

Diqqat: bus, virus, campus, bonus, status — oddiy -es: buses, viruses, campuses. Virii — xato!

data va media — maxsus holatlar

Bu ikki so‘z alohida e’tiborga loyiq, chunki ular ko‘plik bo‘lsa ham, zamonaviy tilda ko‘pincha birlik sifatida ishlatiladi.

data

• The data is clear.Ma’lumotlar aniq. (zamonaviy, ko‘p ishlatiladi)
• The data are clear.Ma’lumotlar aniq. (ilmiy, an’anaviy)
• We collected a lot of data.Biz ko‘p ma’lumot to‘pladik. (sanalmaydigan kabi)
• These data suggest that...Bu ma’lumotlar ... ni ko‘rsatadi. (ilmiy)

Kundalik va biznes nutqida data — sanalmaydigan ot (much data, the data is). Ilmiy maqolalarda esa ko‘pincha ko‘plik (the data are, these data). Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri — faqat bitta matn ichida izchil bo‘ling. Birlik datum deyarli ishlatilmaydi.

media

• The media is / are responsible for spreading the news.OAV yangiliklarni tarqatish uchun mas’ul.
• Social media has changed our lives.Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar hayotimizni o‘zgartirdi.

media — “ommaviy axborot vositalari” ma’nosida birlik yoki ko‘plik fe’l bilan keladi. Birlik medium — “vosita” (san’at, aloqa): Oil paint is my favourite medium.

agenda

agenda — asli lotincha ko‘plik, lekin hozir birlik so‘z: an agenda, two agendas.

Ikki xil ko‘plikli so‘zlar

Ba’zi so‘zlar ikki xil ko‘plikka ega: inglizcha (-s / -es) — kundalik nutqda; lotincha / yunoncha — ilmiy matnda:

• Learn these chemical formulae for the exam.Imtihon uchun bu kimyoviy formulalarni yodlang. (ilmiy)
• The book has three appendices.Kitobning uchta ilovasi bor.
• Insects use their antennae to feel.Hasharotlar mo‘ylovlari bilan sezishadi.
• The radio antennas on the roof were damaged.Tomdagi radio antennalari shikastlandi.

Fe’l bilan moslashuv

Ko‘plik shakli doim ko‘plik fe’l talab qiladi (data va media bundan mustasno):

• This criterion is important. → These criteria are important.Bu mezon muhim. → Bu mezonlar muhim.
• The phenomenon was observed. → The phenomena were observed.Hodisa kuzatildi. → Hodisalar kuzatildi.
• The analysis has been completed. → The analyses have been completed.Tahlil yakunlandi. → Tahlillar yakunlandi.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. So‘z lotin / yunon tilidanmi? (ilmiy, akademik so‘z)
2. Oxiriga qarang: -is → -es; -on → -a; -um → -a; -us → -i; -ex / -ix → -ices.
3. Istisnolarni tekshiring: bus, virus, museum, album — oddiy -s / -es.
4. Fe’lni moslashtiring: criteria are, phenomena were.
5. data / media: birlik yoki ko‘plik — izchil bo‘ling.

Misol: “Bu hodisalar hali tushuntirilmagan.”

1. phenomenon → ko‘plik phenomena, fe’l ko‘plikda.

Misol: “Asosiy mezon — narx.”

1. Bitta mezon → criterion (birlik).

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: criterion / criteria, phenomenon / phenomena, analysis / analyses, crisis / crises, bacterium / bacteria, stimulus / stimuli. a criteria, this phenomena — xato!

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Universitet seminarida

• — What are the criteria for choosing the research topic?— Tadqiqot mavzusini tanlash mezonlari qanday?
• — There are three main criteria: originality, relevance and feasibility.— Uchta asosiy mezon bor: originallik, dolzarblik va amalga oshirish mumkinligi.
• — Should I include several hypotheses?— Bir nechta gipoteza kiritishim kerakmi?
• — Yes, and you’ll need to explain the analyses you plan to use.— Ha, va qo‘llashni rejalashtirgan tahlillaringizni tushuntirishingiz kerak bo‘ladi.
• — How much data do I need?— Menga qancha ma’lumot kerak?
• — It depends. But the data must be reliable.— Bu bog‘liq. Lekin ma’lumotlar ishonchli bo‘lishi kerak.

Ilmiy maqoladan parcha

• Several phenomena were observed during the experiment.Tajriba davomida bir nechta hodisalar kuzatildi.
• The bacteria responded to different stimuli.Bakteriyalar turli qo‘zg‘atuvchilarga javob berdi.
• Detailed analyses are presented in the appendices.Batafsil tahlillar ilovalarda keltirilgan.

Kichik matn: “Ta’lim tizimlari”

Education systems around the world use very different criteria to assess students. Some countries focus on exams, while others prefer continuous assessment. Recent analyses show that curricula in Asian countries tend to emphasise mathematics and science. Researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain these differences. One interesting phenomenon is that students in some countries perform well in tests but struggle with creative tasks. The data also suggest that economic crises can have a serious effect on school funding.

Matndagi lotin va yunon ko‘pliklarini toping va ularning birlik shaklini yozing.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. criterion → ko‘plik → criteria
2. phenomenon → ko‘plik → phenomena
3. analysis → ko‘plik → analyses
4. crisis → ko‘plik → crises
5. bacterium → ko‘plik → bacteria
6. stimulus → ko‘plik → stimuli
7. curriculum → ko‘plik → curricula
8. Bu mezonlar muhim. → These criteria are important.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Lotin va yunon so‘zlari ko‘pincha asl ko‘plik shaklini saqlaydi.
• -is → -es: analysis → analyses, crisis → crises, thesis → theses.
• -on → -a: criterion → criteria, phenomenon → phenomena.
• -um → -a: curriculum → curricula, bacterium → bacteria, medium → media.
• -us → -i: stimulus → stimuli, nucleus → nuclei (lekin bus, virus → -es).
• data / media — zamonaviy tilda birlik ham bo‘ladi; izchil bo‘ling.
• Ko‘plik shakl — ko‘plik fe’l: criteria are; a criteria — xato.