Permission: can, may, be allowed to

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Hayotda har kuni ruxsat so‘raymiz, ruxsat beramiz yoki taqiqlaymiz: “Kirsam maylimi?”, “Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas”, “Bolalarga kechqurun ko‘chaga chiqishga ruxsat berilmaydi”. Ingliz tilida buning uchun asosan uchta vosita bor:

• can — eng oddiy, kundalik va do‘stona: Can I sit here?
• may — rasmiy va muloyim: May I come in?
• be allowed to — qoida, qonun yoki boshqa odam bergan ruxsat haqida gapiradi: We aren’t allowed to use phones in class.

Farqni bir misolda ko‘ring. Siz o‘qituvchidan so‘rayapsiz: Can I open the window? yoki rasmiyroq: May I open the window? Ikkalasi ham “Derazani ochsam bo‘ladimi?” degani. Lekin do‘stingizga maktab qoidasini tushuntirsangiz: We aren’t allowed to open the windows in winter. — “Qishda derazalarni ochishga ruxsat yo‘q.” Bu yerda gapiruvchi o‘zi ruxsat bermayapti, u qoida haqida xabar beryapti.

O‘zbek tilida bularning hammasi “mumkin”, “maylimi”, “...sa bo‘ladimi”, “ruxsat berilgan” kabi so‘zlar bilan aytiladi. Shuning uchun inglizcha vositani tanlashda kim ruxsat beryapti va vaziyat qanchalik rasmiy ekaniga qarash kerak.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Ruxsat so‘rash: can, could, may.
2. Ruxsat berish va rad etish: qanday javob berish kerak.
3. be allowed to — qoidalar va boshqa odam bergan ruxsat.
4. O‘tgan va kelasi zamonda ruxsat: could, was allowed to, will be allowed to.
5. let va permit — “ruxsat bermoq” fe’llari.
6. Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

Ruxsat so‘rash

Ruxsat so‘raganda odatda I yoki we bilan savol beramiz. Uchta modal fe’l bor va ular muloyimlik darajasi bilan farq qiladi.

Modal fe’ldan keyin fe’l to siz, oddiy shaklda keladi: Can I go? — Can I to go? emas.

• Can I use your phone for a minute?Telefoningizdan bir daqiqa foydalansam maylimi?
• Could I leave a bit earlier today?Bugun biroz ertaroq ketsam bo‘ladimi?
• May I see your passport, please?Pasportingizni ko‘rsam maylimi?
• Can we sit here?Shu yerga o‘tirsak bo‘ladimi?
• Could I have a glass of water?Bir stakan suv bersangiz?

Diqqat: bu yerda could o‘tgan zamon emas! Could I open the window? — hozir yoki kelajak haqida, faqat muloyimroq so‘rov.

Yanada muloyim shakllar

Juda muloyim yoki ehtiyotkor bo‘lish kerak bo‘lsa, quyidagi iboralar ishlatiladi:

• Do you mind if I sit here?Shu yerga o‘tirsam qarshi emasmisiz?
• Would you mind if I used your computer?Kompyuteringizdan foydalansam qarshi bo‘lmaysizmi?
• Is it all right if I bring a friend?Do‘stimni olib kelsam maylimi?

Diqqat: Do you mind...? savoliga “mayli” deb javob berish uchun No deyiladi, chunki savol “qarshimisiz?” degani: — Do you mind if I sit here? — No, not at all. (Yo‘q, qarshi emasman — o‘tiravering.)

Ruxsat berish va rad etish

Javobda could ishlatilmaydi. Could I...? deb so‘ralsa ham, javob can yoki may bilan bo‘ladi.

• — Could I use your charger? — Sure, go ahead.— Quvvatlagichingizdan foydalansam bo‘ladimi? — Albatta, mana.
• — May I take a photo? — I’m afraid not.— Suratga olsam maylimi? — Afsuski, yo‘q.
• — Can I have another biscuit? — Help yourself!— Yana bitta pechenye olsam bo‘ladimi? — Oling, marhamat!
• — Could I come in? — Yes, of course.— Kirsam bo‘ladimi? — Ha, albatta.
• — Can I go out tonight? — No, you can’t.— Bugun kechqurun ko‘chaga chiqsam bo‘ladimi? — Yo‘q, mumkin emas.

Muloyim rad etishda odatda sababni ham aytamiz: I’m afraid not — the room is full. Faqat No deyish qo‘pol eshitilishi mumkin.

Taqiqlash

Taqiqni bildirish uchun can’t, mustn’t va rasmiy may not ishlatiladi:

• You can’t park here.Bu yerda mashina qo‘yish mumkin emas.
• You mustn’t touch the paintings.Rasmlarga tegish mumkin emas.
• Visitors may not enter this area.Tashrif buyuruvchilar bu hududga kira olmaydi. (rasmiy e’lon)

be allowed to — qoida va ruxsat haqida xabar

be allowed to — “ruxsat berilgan”, “mumkin”. U gapiruvchining o‘z ruxsati emas, balki qoida, qonun, ota-ona, rahbar bergan ruxsat haqida gapiradi. Shaklan bu majhul nisbat: kimdir bizga ruxsat bergan.

• Students are allowed to use dictionaries in the exam.Talabalarga imtihonda lug‘atdan foydalanishga ruxsat berilgan.
• We aren’t allowed to wear jeans at work.Ishda jinsi kiyishga ruxsat yo‘q.
• Are you allowed to smoke in your office?Ofisingizda chekishga ruxsat bormi?
• My little brother isn’t allowed to watch TV after nine.Ukamga soat to‘qqizdan keyin televizor ko‘rishga ruxsat yo‘q.
• Dogs are not allowed in the shop.Do‘konga it bilan kirish mumkin emas.

Oxirgi misolga qarang: fe’l bo‘lmasa, allowed dan keyin to qo‘yilmaydi: Dogs aren’t allowed. Phones are not allowed in the exam.

can va be allowed to farqi

Hozirgi zamonda ko‘pincha ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri, lekin ohangi farq qiladi:

• You can stay here tonight.Bugun shu yerda qolishingiz mumkin. (men ruxsat beryapman)
• Guests are allowed to stay until 11 p.m.Mehmonlarga soat 23:00 gacha qolishga ruxsat berilgan. (mehmonxona qoidasi)

Savolda ham shunday: Can I park here? — biror odamdan so‘raysiz. Are we allowed to park here? — “bu yerda qoida qanday?” deb so‘raysiz.

O‘tgan va kelasi zamonda

O‘tmishda: could yoki was allowed to?

Bu muhim farq. could o‘tmishdagi umumiy ruxsat uchun ishlatiladi: “o‘sha paytlarda mumkin edi”. Lekin bitta aniq voqeada ruxsat berilib, ish bajarilgan bo‘lsa, faqat was / were allowed to ishlatiladi.

• When I was at school, we couldn’t use calculators.Maktabda o‘qiganimda kalkulyatordan foydalana olmasdik.
• Last week the students were allowed to go home early.O‘tgan hafta talabalarga uyga erta ketishga ruxsat berildi.
• My parents didn’t let me go to the concert.Ota-onam meni konsertga qo‘yib yuborishmadi.
• Were you allowed to take photos in the museum?Muzeyda suratga olishga ruxsat berildimi?

Kelajakda: will be allowed to

can ning kelasi zamon shakli yo‘q (will can — xato). Shuning uchun kelajakdagi ruxsat will be allowed to bilan aytiladi:

• Next year we will be allowed to choose our own subjects.Kelasi yildan fanlarni o‘zimiz tanlashimizga ruxsat beriladi.
• You won’t be allowed to take liquids on the plane.Samolyotga suyuqlik olib kirishga ruxsat berilmaydi.

Lekin kelajakdagi bitta kichik ruxsat uchun can ham bo‘ladi: You can borrow my car tomorrow.

let va permit — ruxsat bermoq

Ruxsat beruvchi odam ega bo‘lsa, let yoki rasmiy permit ishlatiladi. Ularning tuzilishi farq qiladi:

• Let me help you.Sizga yordam beray.
• My boss let me go home early.Boshlig‘im menga uyga erta ketishga ruxsat berdi.
• They don’t allow us to use our phones.Bizga telefondan foydalanishga ruxsat berishmaydi.
• Smoking is not permitted in this building.Bu binoda chekish taqiqlangan.

Diqqat: let majhul nisbatda ishlatilmaydi: I was let to go — xato. To‘g‘risi: I was allowed to go.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ruxsat so‘rayapsizmi? Do‘stdan — Can I, notanishdan — Could I, rasmiy — May I.
2. Qoida haqida gapiryapsizmi? → be allowed to.
3. O‘tmishdagi bir martalik ruxsat? → was / were allowed to (could emas).
4. Kelajak? → will be allowed to.
5. Kimdir ruxsat beradi? → let + kishi + fe’l yoki allow + kishi + to + fe’l.

Misol: “Kecha bizga lug‘atdan foydalanishga ruxsat berishdi.”

1. O‘tmish, bitta aniq holat → could emas.
2. was / were allowed to kerak.

Misol: “Professor, savol bersam maylimi?”

1. Rasmiy vaziyat, ruxsat so‘rash → May I.

Misol: “Ota-onam meni kechasi ko‘chaga chiqarishmaydi.”

1. Ruxsat beruvchi — ega (ota-onam) → let.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: so‘rash — Can / Could / May I...?; qoida — be allowed to; o‘tmishdagi bir martalik ruxsat — was allowed to; ruxsat bermoq — let sb do yoki allow sb to do.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Darsda

• — Excuse me, may I come in?— Kechirasiz, kirsam maylimi?
• — Yes, come in. You’re late again!— Ha, kiring. Yana kechikdingiz!
• — Sorry. Could I sit by the window?— Kechirasiz. Deraza yoniga o‘tirsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Sure. But remember, you aren’t allowed to use your phone during the test.— Albatta. Lekin esingizda bo‘lsin, test paytida telefondan foydalanishga ruxsat yo‘q.
• — Are we allowed to use a dictionary?— Lug‘atdan foydalansak bo‘ladimi?
• — No, you can’t. Only a pen and paper.— Yo‘q, mumkin emas. Faqat ruchka va qog‘oz.

Aeroportda

• — Can I take this bottle of water on the plane?— Bu shisha suvni samolyotga olib kirsam bo‘ladimi?
• — I’m afraid not. Liquids over 100 ml aren’t allowed.— Afsuski, yo‘q. 100 ml dan ortiq suyuqlikka ruxsat yo‘q.
• — Am I allowed to take my laptop?— Noutbukimni olsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Yes, you can, but you’ll have to take it out of your bag.— Ha, mumkin, lekin uni sumkadan chiqarishingiz kerak bo‘ladi.

Uyda

• — Mum, can I go to Aziz’s birthday party on Saturday?— Oyi, shanba kuni Azizning tug‘ilgan kuniga borsam bo‘ladimi?
• — Yes, but you aren’t allowed to stay after ten.— Ha, lekin o‘ndan keyin qolishga ruxsat yo‘q.
• — Last year you let me stay until eleven!— O‘tgan yili o‘n birgacha qolishga ruxsat bergandingiz!
• — That was the summer holiday.— U yozgi ta’til edi.

Kichik matn: “Bizning yotoqxona qoidalari”

Life in our dormitory is quite strict. We are allowed to have guests, but only until 9 p.m. We aren’t allowed to cook in our rooms — there is a shared kitchen on each floor. Last month my roommate asked the manager, “May I keep a small fridge in my room?” and, surprisingly, she was allowed to do it. When my father studied here thirty years ago, students couldn’t even have a radio! Next year the rules will change, and we will be allowed to stay out until midnight at weekends.

Matndan be allowed to ning hamma shakllarini toping: hozirgi, o‘tgan va kelasi zamon. Nima uchun she was allowed to do it deyilgan, she could do it emas? (Javob: bu bitta aniq holatdagi ruxsat.)

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Kechirasiz, kirsam maylimi? (rasmiy) → May I come in?
2. Bizga imtihonda telefondan foydalanishga ruxsat yo‘q. → We aren’t allowed to use phones in the exam.
3. Kecha menga uyga erta ketishga ruxsat berishdi. → Yesterday I was allowed to go home early.
4. Bolaligimda kechasi televizor ko‘ra olmasdim. → When I was a child, I couldn’t watch TV at night.
5. Otam menga mashinasini haydashga ruxsat berdi. → My father let me drive his car.
6. Kelasi yildan bizga forma kiymaslikka ruxsat beriladi. → Next year we will be allowed not to wear a uniform.
7. — Shu yerga o‘tirsam qarshi emasmisiz? — Yo‘q, marhamat. → — Do you mind if I sit here? — No, not at all.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri chiqqan bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Ruxsat so‘rash: Can I...? (oddiy), Could I...? (muloyim), May I...? (rasmiy).
• Javobda could emas: Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
• Qoida va boshqa odam bergan ruxsat: be allowed to + fe’l.
• O‘tmish: umumiy — could, bir martalik — was / were allowed to.
• Kelajak: will be allowed to (will can — xato).
• Ruxsat bermoq: let + kishi + fe’l, allow / permit + kishi + to + fe’l.
• Do you mind if I...? — ruxsat berish uchun No, not at all.