Impersonal Style

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Shaxssiz uslub (impersonal style) — ilmiy, akademik va rasmiy yozuvga xos uslub. Unda gapiruvchi o‘zini emas, fikr va faktlarni markazga qo‘yadi. Shuning uchun I, we, you kabi olmoshlar o‘rniga quyidagi vositalar ishlatiladi:

• It is + V3 + that — It is recommended that students arrive early.
• There is / are — There is evidence that exercise improves memory.
• one — One might argue that money isn’t everything.
• Majhul nisbat — The experiment was conducted in 2020.
• Narsa ega sifatida — The data suggest... The study shows...

Solishtiring:

I think we should invest more in education. — shaxsiy, norasmiy. It could be argued that more investment in education is needed. — shaxssiz, akademik.

O‘zbek tilida ham ilmiy uslubda shaxssiz shakllar ishlatiladi: ta’kidlash joizki, tavsiya etiladi, ma’lumki, deb hisoblanadi. Ingliz tilida bu vositalar ancha tizimli va IELTS Writing Task 2 hamda universitet inshosi uchun juda muhim.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. It is + V3 + that: It is believed that...
2. Ega + be + V3 + to: He is said to be...
3. There is evidence / a tendency / no doubt...
4. one — rasmiy umumiy olmosh.
5. Narsa ega sifatida: The research suggests...
6. Shaxsiy va shaxssiz uslubni almashtirish.

It is + V3 + that

It + be + majhul fe’l + that — eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan shaxssiz tuzilma. U kim aytgani yoki o‘ylagani noma’lum yoki muhim emasligini ko‘rsatadi.

• It is believed that the city was founded 2,500 years ago.Shahar 2500 yil oldin barpo etilgan deb hisoblanadi.
• It is estimated that over a million people visited the exhibition.Taxminlarga ko‘ra, ko‘rgazmaga milliondan ortiq odam tashrif buyurdi.
• It is recommended that passengers arrive two hours before departure.Yo‘lovchilarga jo‘nashdan ikki soat oldin kelish tavsiya etiladi.
• It has been suggested that the law should be changed.Qonunni o‘zgartirish taklif qilingan.
• It is widely known that smoking causes cancer.Chekish saratonga sabab bo‘lishi hammaga ma’lum.

Modal bilan — ehtiyotkor fikr

Akademik yozuvda o‘z fikrini ehtiyotkor bildirish uchun modal + be + V3:

• It could be argued that technology has made us lonelier.Texnologiya bizni yolg‘izroq qilgan deb ta’kidlash mumkin.
• It might be suggested that the results are not reliable.Natijalar ishonchli emas deb taxmin qilish mumkin.
• It should be noted that the sample was small.Shuni ta’kidlash kerakki, namuna kichik edi.
• It must be remembered that these are only estimates.Bular faqat taxminlar ekanini unutmaslik kerak.

It should be noted that — akademik yozuvda juda foydali ibora.

Ega + be + V3 + to

Xuddi shu ma’noni odam yoki narsani ega qilib ham aytish mumkin:

• The president is expected to arrive tomorrow.Prezident ertaga yetib kelishi kutilmoqda.
• He is said to be the richest man in the country.Aytishlaricha, u mamlakatdagi eng boy odam.
• The castle is believed to have been built in the 12th century.Qal’a XII asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanadi.
• Coffee is known to improve concentration.Qahva diqqatni yaxshilashi ma’lum.
• The thieves are thought to have escaped abroad.O‘g‘rilar chet elga qochib ketgan deb taxmin qilinmoqda.

Vaqt munosabati: to + fe’l — bir vaqtda; to have + V3 — oldinroq.

Batafsil — “Murakkab majhul nisbat” darsida.

There is / are + ot + that

There bilan tuzilmalar fikrni faktga aylantiradi:

• There is strong evidence that regular exercise reduces stress.Muntazam jismoniy mashq stressni kamaytirishiga kuchli dalil bor.
• There is a tendency for young people to spend more time online.Yoshlarda internetda ko‘proq vaqt o‘tkazishga moyillik bor.
• There is no doubt that climate change is a serious problem.Iqlim o‘zgarishi jiddiy muammo ekaniga shubha yo‘q.
• There is growing concern that jobs will be lost to robots.Ish o‘rinlari robotlarga o‘tib ketishidan xavotir ortib bormoqda.
• There are several reasons why this plan may fail.Bu reja muvaffaqiyatsiz bo‘lishining bir nechta sababi bor.

one — rasmiy umumiy olmosh

one — “inson”, “kishi” (umumiy). Juda rasmiy va akademik:

• One might argue that money is the root of all problems.Pul barcha muammolarning ildizi deb ta’kidlash mumkin.
• One should always consider both sides of an argument.Bahsning har ikki tomonini doim ko‘rib chiqish kerak.
• One cannot ignore the importance of education.Ta’limning ahamiyatini e’tiborsiz qoldirib bo‘lmaydi.
• If one looks at the data carefully, one can see a clear trend.Ma’lumotlarga diqqat bilan qaralsa, aniq tendensiyani ko‘rish mumkin.

Diqqat: one bilan boshlasangiz, you ga o‘tmang: One should do one’s best (your best emas). Batafsil — “Umumiy shaxs olmoshlari” darsida.

Narsa ega sifatida

Akademik yozuvda ko‘pincha tadqiqot, ma’lumot, insho, natija kabi narsalar gapning egasi bo‘ladi:

• The research suggests that sleep affects memory.Tadqiqot uyquning xotiraga ta’sir qilishini ko‘rsatadi.
• The data indicate a sharp rise in unemployment.Ma’lumotlar ishsizlikning keskin oshganini ko‘rsatadi.
• This essay will discuss both advantages and disadvantages.Ushbu insho afzallik va kamchiliklarni muhokama qiladi.
• The graph illustrates changes in population over 50 years.Grafik 50 yil davomidagi aholi o‘zgarishlarini tasvirlaydi.
• The evidence points to a link between diet and health.Dalillar ovqatlanish va sog‘liq o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikka ishora qiladi.

Bu usul I think / I will discuss dan ancha akademik eshitiladi.

Shaxsiy uslubdan shaxssizga

• It can be seen from the graph that sales increased.Grafikdan savdo oshgani ko‘rinib turibdi.
• It was found that students who slept well performed better.Yaxshi uxlagan talabalar yaxshiroq natija ko‘rsatgani aniqlandi.
• Further research is required to confirm these results.Bu natijalarni tasdiqlash uchun qo‘shimcha tadqiqot talab etiladi.

Diqqat: zamonaviy akademik yozuvda we (we found) ham ba’zan ishlatiladi, ayniqsa ilmiy maqolalarda. Lekin IELTS va universitet inshosida shaxssiz uslub xavfsizroq.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Gapda I, we, you, people bormi? → shaxssiz shaklga o‘tkazish mumkinmi?
2. Fikr yoki umumiy e’tiqodmi? → It is believed / thought / argued that...
3. Tavsiya? → It is recommended / suggested that...
4. Dalil yoki tendensiya? → There is evidence / a tendency...
5. Natija? → The research shows / It was found that...
6. Ehtiyotkor fikr? → It could be argued / It might be suggested that...

Misol: “Ko‘p odamlar texnologiya bizni dangasa qiladi deb o‘ylaydi.”

1. Umumiy fikr → It is widely believed that.

Misol: “Men qo‘shimcha tadqiqot kerak deb o‘ylayman.”

1. Shaxssiz → majhul nisbat.

Misol: “Aytishlaricha, u yashirin xazina topgan.”

1. Ega + be said + to have + V3.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: It is believed / said / recommended that...; He is said to be...; There is evidence that...; One might argue that...; The research shows...; It should be noted that...

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

IELTS Writing Task 2 — kirish

• It is often argued that university education should be free for everyone.Universitet ta’limi hamma uchun bepul bo‘lishi kerak, deb tez-tez ta’kidlanadi.
• While there is some truth in this view, it could also be argued that students should contribute to the cost.Bu fikrda qandaydir haqiqat bo‘lsa-da, talabalar xarajatning bir qismini qoplashi kerak, deb ham aytish mumkin.
• This essay will examine both perspectives before reaching a conclusion.Ushbu insho xulosaga kelishdan oldin har ikki nuqtai nazarni ko‘rib chiqadi.

Ilmiy hisobot

• The study was conducted over a period of two years.Tadqiqot ikki yil davomida o‘tkazildi.
• It was found that participants who exercised regularly slept better.Muntazam jismoniy mashq qilgan ishtirokchilar yaxshiroq uxlagani aniqlandi.
• The results suggest a strong link between activity and sleep quality.Natijalar faollik va uyqu sifati o‘rtasida kuchli bog‘liqlik borligini ko‘rsatadi.
• It should be noted, however, that the sample size was relatively small.Biroq shuni ta’kidlash kerakki, namuna hajmi nisbatan kichik edi.
• Further research is recommended.Qo‘shimcha tadqiqot tavsiya etiladi.

Kichik matn: “Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar va yoshlar” (insho)

In recent years, it has been widely reported that young people spend several hours a day on social media. There is growing concern that this may harm their mental health. Research suggests that heavy users are more likely to feel anxious. However, it could be argued that social media also has benefits. It is generally accepted that online platforms help young people stay in touch with friends. One might also point out that many teenagers use these platforms to learn new skills. It is therefore recommended that parents guide, rather than ban, their children’s online activities.

Matndagi shaxssiz vositalarni toping. Har birini shaxsiy uslubda qanday aytish mumkin edi?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Shahar 2000 yil oldin barpo etilgan deb hisoblanadi. → It is believed that the city was founded 2,000 years ago.
2. Aytishlaricha, u juda boy. → He is said to be very rich.
3. Yo‘lovchilarga erta kelish tavsiya etiladi. → It is recommended that passengers arrive early.
4. Jismoniy mashq foydali ekaniga dalil bor. → There is evidence that exercise is beneficial.
5. Grafikdan ko‘rinib turibdiki, narxlar oshgan. → It can be seen from the graph that prices have risen.
6. Tadqiqot uyquning muhimligini ko‘rsatadi. → The research shows that sleep is important.
7. Shuni ta’kidlash kerakki, ma’lumotlar to‘liq emas. → It should be noted that the data are incomplete.
8. Qal’a XII asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanadi. → The castle is believed to have been built in the 12th century.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Shaxssiz uslub — akademik va rasmiy yozuvda; I, we, you o‘rniga fakt va fikrga e’tibor.
• It is + V3 + that: believed, said, known, argued, recommended, estimated...
• Ehtiyotkor: It could be argued / It should be noted that...
• Ega + be + V3 + to (have + V3): He is said to be rich. It is believed to have been built...
• There is evidence / a tendency / no doubt / growing concern that...
• one: One might argue that...
• Narsa — ega: The research suggests... This essay will discuss... The data indicate...