Phrasal Nouns

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Frazali fe’llarni bilasiz: break down, set back, take over. Ulardan ot ham yasaladi — bular frazali otlar (phrasal nouns) deyiladi:

The car broke down. (fe’l) → We had a breakdown on the motorway. (ot) — Avtomagistralda mashinamiz buzilib qoldi. The project was set back by the rain. (fe’l) → The rain was a big setback. (ot) — Yomg‘ir katta to‘siq bo‘ldi.

Frazali otlar gazetalar, biznes, hisobotlar va akademik matnlarda juda ko‘p uchraydi. Ular fikrni qisqa va ta’sirli ifodalaydi.

Ular ikki xil tartibda yasaladi:

1. fe’l + zarracha (eng ko‘p): breakdown, setback, takeover, checkout, feedback.
2. zarracha + fe’l: outcome, input, output, outbreak, upbringing, downfall.

Yozilishi ham har xil bo‘lishi mumkin: qo‘shib (breakdown), chiziqcha bilan (check-in, drop-off) yoki ba’zan alohida. Eng yaxshisi — lug‘atni tekshirish.

O‘zbek tilida bu otlar ko‘pincha bitta so‘z bilan tarjima qilinadi: buzilish, to‘siq, egallab olish, natija, tarbiya.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. Biznes va iqtisod: takeover, turnover, breakthrough, cutback.
2. Muammo va qiyinchilik: breakdown, setback, drawback, shortfall.
3. Natija va jarayon: outcome, output, input, feedback.
4. Voqealar: outbreak, outburst, break-in, breakup.
5. Kundalik hayot: check-in, checkout, takeaway, workout.
6. Urg‘u, yozilish va ko‘plik.

Biznes va iqtisod

• The takeover of the company was announced yesterday.Kompaniyaning egallab olinishi kecha e’lon qilindi.
• The company has an annual turnover of $5 million.Kompaniyaning yillik aylanmasi 5 million dollar.
• Scientists have made a major breakthrough in cancer research.Olimlar saraton tadqiqotida katta yutuqqa erishdi.
• There have been cutbacks in public spending.Davlat xarajatlari qisqartirildi.
• He works for a tech start-up in Tashkent.U Toshkentdagi texnologik startapda ishlaydi.
• The factory announced 200 layoffs.Zavod 200 ta ishchini ishdan bo‘shatishini e’lon qildi.

Muammo va qiyinchilik

• We had a breakdown on the way to the airport.Aeroportga ketayotib mashinamiz buzilib qoldi.
• She suffered a nervous breakdown after the accident.Avariyadan keyin u asabiy tushkunlikka tushdi.
• Can you give me a breakdown of the costs?Xarajatlarning batafsil tahlilini bera olasizmi?
• Losing the match was a setback, but we’ll win next time.O‘yinda yutqazish orqaga ketish bo‘ldi, lekin keyingi safar yutamiz.
• The main drawback of this plan is the cost.Bu rejaning asosiy kamchiligi — narx.
• There’s a shortfall of 10,000 teachers.10 000 ta o‘qituvchi yetishmaydi.
• Sorry, there’s been a mix-up with your booking.Kechirasiz, broningizda chalkashlik bo‘libdi.
• The film was a real letdown.Film hafsalani pir qildi.

breakdown — uchta ma’noli so‘z! Kontekstga qarang.

Natija va jarayon

• We are waiting for the outcome of the election.Saylov natijasini kutyapmiz.
• The factory’s output has doubled this year.Zavodning ishlab chiqarish hajmi bu yil ikki baravar oshdi.
• Thank you for your input at the meeting.Yig‘ilishdagi hissangiz uchun rahmat.
• The teacher gave us useful feedback on our essays.O‘qituvchi inshoimiz bo‘yicha foydali fikr-mulohaza berdi.
• She had a strict upbringing.Uning tarbiyasi qattiq bo‘lgan.
• The economic outlook is positive.Iqtisodiy istiqbol ijobiy.
• Turnout in the election was 70%.Saylovda ishtirok 70% ni tashkil etdi.

feedback — sanalmaydigan ot: some feedback (a feedback, feedbacks — xato).

Voqealar

• There has been an outbreak of flu in the school.Maktabda gripp tarqaldi.
• His angry outburst surprised everyone.Uning g‘azab bilan portlashi hammani hayratga soldi.
• Police are investigating a break-in at the bank.Politsiya bankka bostirib kirish holatini tergov qilmoqda.
• She was very upset after the breakup.Ajrashishdan keyin u juda xafa edi.
• The government announced a crackdown on drunk driving.Hukumat mast holda haydashga qarshi qattiq choralar e’lon qildi.
• The singer made a comeback after ten years.Xonanda o‘n yildan keyin sahnaga qaytdi.

Kundalik hayot

• Check-in opens two hours before the flight.Ro‘yxatdan o‘tish parvozdan ikki soat oldin ochiladi.
• Let’s get a takeaway tonight — I’m too tired to cook.Bugun olib ketiladigan ovqat olaylik — pishirishga charchadim.
• I do a 30-minute workout every morning.Har tong 30 daqiqalik mashg‘ulot qilaman.
• A passer-by called the ambulance.O‘tkinchi tez yordam chaqirdi.
• We had leftovers from the party for dinner.Kechki ovqatga ziyofatdan qolgan ovqatni yedik.

Urg‘u, yozilish va ko‘plik

Urg‘u

Frazali fe’lda urg‘u odatda ikkinchi qismda, frazali otda esa birinchi qismda:

Yozilishi

Yozilish so‘zga bog‘liq va o‘zgarib turadi: breakdown (qo‘shib), check-in (chiziqcha), take-off / takeoff. Shubha bo‘lsa — lug‘atni tekshiring.

Ko‘plik

Odatda oxiriga -s: breakdowns, setbacks, outcomes, check-ins. Istisno — odamni bildiruvchi ba’zi so‘zlar: passers-by (passer-bys emas), runners-up.

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ot kerakmi, fe’l emas? (artikl, sifat, egalik olmoshi bilan — ot)
2. Frazali fe’ldan ot yasash mumkinmi? break down → breakdown.
3. Tartib: fe’l + zarracha (setback) yoki zarracha + fe’l (outcome) — yodlang.
4. Yozilish: qo‘shib yoki chiziqcha — lug‘atni tekshiring.
5. Sanaladimi? a setback, setbacks; lekin feedback — sanalmaydi.

Misol: “Mashinamiz yo‘lda buzildi.” (ot bilan)

1. break down → breakdown (ot).

Misol: “Saylov natijasi kutilmagan bo‘ldi.”

1. Natija → outcome.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: frazali ot — bitta so‘z (yoki chiziqcha): breakdown, setback, outcome, feedback, check-in. Urg‘u birinchi bo‘g‘inda. feedback — sanalmaydi; passers-by — maxsus ko‘plik.

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Ish yig‘ilishida

• — What was the outcome of the negotiations?— Muzokaralar natijasi qanday bo‘ldi?
• — A partial success. The takeover will go ahead, but there will be some layoffs.— Qisman muvaffaqiyat. Egallab olish amalga oshadi, lekin ba’zi xodimlar ishdan bo‘shatiladi.
• — That’s a setback for the staff.— Bu xodimlar uchun salbiy holat.
• — True. But the company’s turnover should increase.— To‘g‘ri. Lekin kompaniyaning aylanmasi oshishi kerak.
• — Could you send me a breakdown of the figures? I’d also appreciate your feedback on the plan.— Raqamlarning batafsil tahlilini yubora olasizmi? Reja bo‘yicha fikr-mulohazangizni ham qadrlayman.

Aeroportda

• — Where’s the check-in desk for Istanbul?— Istanbulga ro‘yxatdan o‘tish stoykasi qayerda?
• — Over there. But there’s been a hold-up — the flight is delayed.— Ana u yerda. Lekin kechikish bor — parvoz kechikyapti.
• — Oh no, what a letdown.— Voy, hafsalam pir bo‘ldi.
• — Don’t worry, it’s just a short delay.— Xavotir olmang, qisqa kechikish xolos.

Kichik matn: “Startapning hikoyasi”

Five years ago, two friends launched a small tech start-up in Tashkent. In the first year, they faced many setbacks: their main investor pulled out, and a computer breakdown destroyed months of work. But they listened to customer feedback and improved their product. In their third year, they made a real breakthrough — a new app that became hugely popular. Their annual turnover grew to $2 million. Last month, a large international company announced a takeover. The outcome surprised everyone: the founders will stay and lead the business. It’s a great comeback story.

Matndagi barcha frazali otlarni toping va ularning qaysi frazali fe’ldan yasalganini aniqlang.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Yo‘lda mashinamiz buzildi. (ot) → We had a breakdown on the road.
2. Bu rejaning asosiy kamchiligi — narx. → The main drawback of this plan is the price.
3. Saylov natijasi → the outcome of the election
4. Foydali fikr-mulohazangiz uchun rahmat. → Thanks for your useful feedback.
5. Maktabda gripp tarqaldi. → There was an outbreak of flu at the school.
6. Olimlar katta yutuqqa erishdi. → Scientists made a major breakthrough.
7. Ro‘yxatdan o‘tish soat oltida ochiladi. → Check-in opens at six.
8. Ikki o‘tkinchi yordam berdi. → Two passers-by helped.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• Frazali otlar frazali fe’llardan yasaladi: break down → breakdown.
• Ikki tartib: fe’l + zarracha (setback, takeover, feedback) va zarracha + fe’l (outcome, input, outbreak).
• Biznes: takeover, turnover, breakthrough, cutback, start-up, layoff.
• Muammo: breakdown, setback, drawback, shortfall, mix-up, letdown.
• Natija: outcome, output, input, feedback, upbringing, outlook.
• Voqealar: outbreak, outburst, break-in, breakup, comeback; kundalik: check-in, takeaway, workout.
• Urg‘u birinchi bo‘g‘inda; feedback — sanalmaydi; passers-by — maxsus ko‘plik.