Advanced Phrasal Verbs
Yuqori darajadagi frazali fe’llar
Bu darsda
Oddiy qilib aytganda
A2–B2 darajalarida kundalik frazali fe’llarni o‘rgangansiz: get up, turn off, look after, put up with. C1 darajasida esa akademik, rasmiy va mavhum ma’nodagi frazali fe’llar kerak bo‘ladi. Ular hisobotlar, ilmiy maqolalar, yangiliklar va IELTS Writingda juda ko‘p uchraydi:
- bring about — keltirib chiqarmoq, sabab bo‘lmoq: The war brought about many changes.
- account for — tushuntirmoq; tashkil etmoq: Women account for 60% of students.
- rule out — istisno qilmoq: Police have ruled out murder.
- come across — tasodifan duch kelmoq: I came across an old photo.
- carry out — amalga oshirmoq: They carried out a survey.
Bu fe’llarning ko‘pchiligi bitta lotin tilidan kelgan fe’l bilan almashtirilishi mumkin: bring about = cause, carry out = conduct, rule out = exclude. Lekin frazali shakl ko‘pincha tabiiyroq va ravonroq eshitiladi — hatto akademik matnda ham.
O‘zbek tilida bu fe’llar ko‘pincha bitta kitobiy fe’l bilan tarjima qilinadi: sabab bo‘lmoq, tashkil etmoq, istisno qilmoq, amalga oshirmoq.
Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:
- Sabab va natija: bring about, stem from, give rise to.
- Tadqiqot va ish: carry out, look into, set out, draw on.
- Baholash va hisob: account for, rule out, make up, boil down to.
- Muammolar: deal with, iron out, phase out, cut back on.
- Fikr va dalil: put forward, bear out, back up, come across.
- Rasmiy sinonimlar va uslub tanlash.
Sabab va natija
| Frazali fe’l | Ma’nosi | Rasmiy sinonim |
|---|---|---|
| bring about | keltirib chiqarmoq | cause |
| give rise to | yuzaga keltirmoq | cause, create |
| stem from | ...dan kelib chiqmoq | originate from |
| lead to | ...ga olib kelmoq | result in |
| result in / from | ...ga olib kelmoq / ...dan kelib chiqmoq | — |
| set off | boshlab yubormoq, qo‘zg‘atmoq | trigger |
- The new law brought about major changes in education.Yangi qonun ta’limda katta o‘zgarishlarga sabab bo‘ldi.
- Poor diet can give rise to serious health problems.Noto‘g‘ri ovqatlanish jiddiy sog‘liq muammolarini yuzaga keltirishi mumkin.
- Many of his problems stem from his childhood.Uning ko‘p muammolari bolaligidan kelib chiqadi.
- The decision led to protests across the country.Qaror butun mamlakat bo‘ylab norozilik namoyishlariga olib keldi.
- A small mistake set off a chain of events.Kichik xato voqealar zanjirini boshlab yubordi.
Tadqiqot va ish
| Frazali fe’l | Ma’nosi | Rasmiy sinonim |
|---|---|---|
| carry out | amalga oshirmoq, o‘tkazmoq | conduct, perform |
| look into | tekshirmoq, o‘rganmoq | investigate |
| set out | bayon qilmoq; maqsad qilmoq | explain; aim |
| draw on | ...dan foydalanmoq | use |
| point out | ko‘rsatib o‘tmoq | indicate, note |
| find out | aniqlamoq | discover |
| go through | ko‘rib chiqmoq; boshdan kechirmoq | examine; experience |
| follow up | davom ettirmoq, kuzatmoq | pursue |
- The researchers carried out a survey of 1,000 students.Tadqiqotchilar 1000 talaba o‘rtasida so‘rovnoma o‘tkazishdi.
- The police are looking into the cause of the fire.Politsiya yong‘in sababini tekshirmoqda.
- The report sets out the main findings.Hisobot asosiy natijalarni bayon qiladi.
- She set out to become the best doctor in the city.U shahardagi eng yaxshi shifokor bo‘lishni maqsad qildi.
- The author draws on her own experience.Muallif o‘z tajribasidan foydalanadi.
- We need to go through the contract carefully.Shartnomani diqqat bilan ko‘rib chiqishimiz kerak.
set out ikki ma’noga ega: “bayon qilmoq” (set out the plan) va “maqsad qilmoq” (set out to do sth).
Baholash va hisob
| Frazali fe’l | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| account for | tushuntirmoq; ...ni tashkil etmoq |
| rule out | istisno qilmoq, chiqarib tashlamoq |
| make up | tashkil etmoq; o‘ylab topmoq |
| boil down to | ...ga borib taqalmoq |
| add up | mantiqiy bo‘lmoq (inkor bilan) |
| work out | hisoblamoq; tushunmoq |
| weigh up | tortmoq, baholamoq |
- Women account for 60% of university students.Universitet talabalarining 60% ini ayollar tashkil etadi.
- How do you account for the drop in sales?Savdo kamayishini qanday tushuntirasiz?
- Police have ruled out the possibility of murder.Politsiya qotillik ehtimolini istisno qildi.
- Young people make up a large part of the population.Yoshlar aholining katta qismini tashkil etadi.
- The problem boils down to money.Muammo pulga borib taqaladi.
- His story doesn’t add up.Uning hikoyasi mantiqqa to‘g‘ri kelmaydi.
- We need to weigh up the pros and cons.Afzallik va kamchiliklarni tortib ko‘rishimiz kerak.
account for — IELTS Task 1da juda foydali: Coal accounted for 40% of energy production.
Muammolar bilan ishlash
| Frazali fe’l | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| deal with | hal qilmoq, shug‘ullanmoq |
| cope with | uddalamoq, bardosh bermoq |
| iron out | (kichik muammolarni) hal qilmoq |
| sort out | tartibga solmoq, hal qilmoq |
| phase out | asta-sekin bekor qilmoq |
| phase in | asta-sekin joriy qilmoq |
| cut back on | kamaytirmoq |
| tackle (frazali emas, lekin foydali) | hal qilishga kirishmoq |
- The government must deal with unemployment.Hukumat ishsizlik muammosini hal qilishi kerak.
- Many students find it hard to cope with stress.Ko‘p talabalar stressga bardosh berishni qiyin deb bilishadi.
- There are a few problems to iron out before we start.Boshlashdan oldin hal qilish kerak bo‘lgan bir nechta kichik muammo bor.
- Plastic bags are being phased out.Plastik paketlar asta-sekin bekor qilinmoqda.
- We need to cut back on spending.Xarajatlarni kamaytirishimiz kerak.
Fikr va dalil
| Frazali fe’l | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| put forward | taklif qilmoq, ilgari surmoq |
| come up with | o‘ylab topmoq |
| bear out | tasdiqlamoq |
| back up | qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq, dalillamoq |
| come across | tasodifan duch kelmoq; taassurot qoldirmoq |
| brush aside | e’tiborsiz qoldirmoq |
| play down | kamaytirib ko‘rsatmoq |
| spell out | aniq tushuntirmoq |
- The scientist put forward a new theory.Olim yangi nazariyani ilgari surdi.
- The results bear out our predictions.Natijalar bizning bashoratlarimizni tasdiqlaydi.
- Can you back up your claims with evidence?Da’volaringizni dalil bilan tasdiqlay olasizmi?
- I came across an interesting article yesterday.Kecha qiziq maqolaga duch keldim.
- She comes across as very confident.U juda o‘ziga ishongan odam taassurotini qoldiradi.
- The minister played down the seriousness of the crisis.Vazir inqirozning jiddiyligini kamaytirib ko‘rsatdi.
- Let me spell out exactly what I mean.Nimani nazarda tutayotganimni aniq tushuntiray.
come across — ikki ma’no: “duch kelmoq” (came across a photo) va “taassurot qoldirmoq” (comes across as friendly).
Rasmiy sinonimlar va uslub
| Frazali fe’l | Lotin sinonimi | Qachon qaysi biri |
|---|---|---|
| carry out | conduct | ikkalasi ham akademik |
| look into | investigate | investigate — rasmiyroq |
| bring about | cause | ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri |
| rule out | exclude, eliminate | rule out — tabiiyroq |
| point out | indicate, note | ikkalasi ham akademik |
| find out | discover, determine | discover — rasmiyroq |
| cut back on | reduce | reduce — rasmiyroq |
| put forward | propose | ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri |
Maslahat: akademik yozuvda ikkalasini aralashtiring — bu matnni xilma-xil qiladi. Lekin juda norasmiy frazali fe’llardan (get on with, hang out, mess up) qoching.
So‘z tartibi
Bu fe’llarning ba’zilari ajraladi, ba’zilari ajralmaydi:
- They carried out the survey. = They carried the survey out. → They carried it out.(ajraladi)
- Police ruled out murder. → Police ruled it out.(ajraladi)
- We must deal with the problem. → We must deal with it.(ajralmaydi)
- I came across a photo. → I came across it.(ajralmaydi)
Batafsil — “Ajraladigan frazali fe’llar” va “Uch qismli frazali fe’llar” darslarida.
Bosqichma-bosqich
- Ma’noni aniqlang: sabab, tadqiqot, baholash, muammo, fikr.
- Mos frazali fe’lni tanlang jadvaldan.
- Olmosh bilan — ajraladigan bo‘lsa o‘rtaga: carry it out.
- Uslub: juda rasmiy matnda lotin sinonimi bilan almashtiring yoki aralashtiring.
Misol: “Ayollar ishchilarning 40% ini tashkil etadi.”
- Ulush → account for / make up.
Misol: “Biz so‘rovnoma o‘tkazdik.”
- Tadqiqot → carry out.
Misol: “Uning muammolari bolaligidan kelib chiqadi.”
- Sabab → stem from.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
✗ They carried on a survey. (o‘tkazishdi)
✓ They carried out a survey.
carry on — davom ettirmoq.
✗ Women account 60% of students.
✓ Women account for 60% of students.
account for.
✗ Police ruled away murder.
✓ Police ruled out murder.
rule out.
✗ His problems stem of his childhood.
✓ His problems stem from his childhood.
stem from.
✗ We must deal the problem.
✓ We must deal with the problem.
deal with.
✗ The war brought up many changes.
✓ The war brought about many changes.
bring up — tarbiyalamoq.
✗ I came over an old photo.
✓ I came across an old photo.
come across.
✗ She put up a new theory.
✓ She put forward a new theory.
put forward.
✗ They carried out it.
✓ They carried it out.
Olmosh o‘rtada.
✗ The results bear on our predictions.
✓ The results bear out our predictions.
bear out.
Eslab qoling: carry out (o‘tkazmoq), account for (tashkil etmoq / tushuntirmoq), rule out (istisno), bring about (sabab bo‘lmoq), stem from (kelib chiqmoq), come across (duch kelmoq), put forward (ilgari surmoq).
Hayotiy vaziyatlarda
IELTS Task 1
- The pie chart shows energy sources in 2020.Doiraviy diagramma 2020-yildagi energiya manbalarini ko‘rsatadi.
- Coal accounted for the largest share, at 40%.Eng katta ulushni ko‘mir tashkil etdi — 40%.
- Renewable energy made up only 15%.Qayta tiklanuvchi energiya atigi 15% ni tashkil etdi.
- Nuclear power is gradually being phased out.Atom energetikasi asta-sekin bekor qilinmoqda.
Ilmiy hisobot
- The study was carried out over three years.Tadqiqot uch yil davomida o‘tkazildi.
- Researchers looked into the effects of social media on sleep.Tadqiqotchilar ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning uyquga ta’sirini o‘rganishdi.
- The results bear out earlier findings.Natijalar oldingi topilmalarni tasdiqlaydi.
- However, other factors cannot be ruled out.Biroq boshqa omillarni istisno qilib bo‘lmaydi.
Kichik matn: “Shahar transporti islohoti”
In 2020, the city council set out to reduce traffic in the centre. They carried out a large survey and found out that private cars accounted for 70% of all journeys. The main problem, it seemed, boiled down to poor public transport. The council put forward a new plan: old buses would be phased out and replaced with electric ones. Critics pointed out that the plan was expensive, but the council ruled out any delays. Two years later, the results bore out their predictions: traffic had fallen by 25%. The reform had brought about real change.
Matndagi barcha akademik frazali fe’llarni toping va ularni rasmiy lotin sinonimi bilan almashtirib ko‘ring.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
- Ular so‘rovnoma o‘tkazishdi. → They carried out a survey.
- Ayollar talabalarning yarmini tashkil etadi. → Women account for half of the students.
- Politsiya bu ehtimolni istisno qildi. → Police ruled out this possibility.
- Urush katta o‘zgarishlarga sabab bo‘ldi. → The war brought about great changes.
- Uning muammolari pul yetishmasligidan kelib chiqadi. → His problems stem from a lack of money.
- Kecha qiziq kitobga duch keldim. → I came across an interesting book yesterday.
- U yangi g‘oyani ilgari surdi. → She put forward a new idea.
- Plastik paketlar bekor qilinmoqda. → Plastic bags are being phased out.
Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.
Qisqa xulosa
- Sabab: bring about, give rise to, stem from, lead to, set off.
- Tadqiqot: carry out, look into, set out, draw on, point out, go through.
- Baholash: account for, rule out, make up, boil down to, add up, weigh up.
- Muammo: deal with, cope with, iron out, sort out, phase out, cut back on.
- Fikr: put forward, come up with, bear out, back up, come across, play down, spell out.
- Akademik yozuvda frazali fe’l va lotin sinonimini aralashtiring.