Whereas, While, On the other hand

Oddiy qilib aytganda

Ikki narsani qarama-qarshi qo‘yib solishtirish uchun but dan tashqari bir nechta nozikroq bog‘lovchilar bor:

• whereas — “...sa, ... esa”: ikki faktni rasmiyroq zidlaydi.
• while — xuddi shu ma’no, biroz oddiyroq.
• on the other hand — “boshqa tomondan”: ikkinchi fikrni yangi gapda kiritadi.
• by contrast / in contrast — “aksincha”, “bunga zid ravishda”: rasmiy, yozma.
• unlike + ot — “...dan farqli o‘laroq”.

Bu so‘zlar faktlarni solishtiradi: bir narsa bunday, ikkinchisi esa boshqacha.

My brother loves sport, whereas I prefer reading. — Akam sportni yaxshi ko‘radi, men esa kitob o‘qishni afzal ko‘raman.

O‘zbekchada bu ma’no ko‘pincha “...sa, ... esa”, “...dan farqli ravishda”, “boshqa tomondan” bilan beriladi.

Bu darsda siz quyidagilarni o‘rganasiz:

1. whereas — ikki faktni zidlash.
2. while — zidlash va vaqt ma’nosi farqi.
3. on the other hand — ikki tomonni tortish.
4. by contrast / in contrast — rasmiy yozuvda.
5. unlike va compared with — ot bilan solishtirish.
6. Tinish belgilari va eng ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar.

whereas — ikki faktni zidlash

whereas ikki parallel faktni bir-biriga qarama-qarshi qo‘yadi. U rasmiyroq va yozma nutqda, ayniqsa IELTS, insho va hisobotlarda juda ko‘p ishlatiladi.

• Some people love winter, whereas others prefer summer.Ba’zi odamlar qishni yaxshi ko‘radi, boshqalar esa yozni afzal ko‘radi.
• My sister is very outgoing, whereas I’m quite shy.Singlim juda dilkash, men esa ancha tortinchoqman.
• In the north it’s cold, whereas in the south it’s hot.Shimolda sovuq, janubda esa issiq.
• Men spend more on cars, whereas women spend more on clothes.Erkaklar mashinalarga ko‘proq pul sarflaydi, ayollar esa kiyimga.
• Whereas my parents prefer tea, I drink coffee.Ota-onam choyni afzal ko‘rsa, men qahva ichaman.

whereas gap o‘rtasida kelsa, odatda undan oldin vergul qo‘yiladi. Gap boshida kelsa — birinchi qismdan keyin vergul.

while — zidlash va vaqt

while ikki xil ma’noda ishlatiladi:

1. Zidlash (= whereas): I like coffee, while my wife likes tea.
2. Vaqt (= ...ayotganda): While I was cooking, the phone rang.

• I enjoy cooking, while my husband prefers washing up.Men ovqat pishirishni yaxshi ko‘raman, erim esa idish yuvishni afzal ko‘radi. (zidlash)
• While some students study at night, others study in the morning.Ba’zi talabalar kechasi o‘qisa, boshqalari ertalab o‘qiydi. (zidlash)
• While I was waiting, I read a magazine.Kutayotganimda jurnal o‘qidim. (vaqt)

Qaysi ma’no ekanini kontekstdan bilasiz. Agar ikki farqli fakt bo‘lsa — zidlash; agar ikki harakat bir vaqtda bo‘lsa — vaqt.

while — “...ga qaramay” (to‘siqsizlik)

Gap boshida while ba’zan although ma’nosini beradi:

• While I understand your point, I can’t agree with you.Fikringizni tushunsam ham, siz bilan rozi bo‘la olmayman.
• While the hotel was expensive, it was worth it.Mehmonxona qimmat bo‘lsa-da, bunga arziydi.

on the other hand — boshqa tomondan

on the other hand odatda yangi gapni boshlaydi va ikkinchi tomonni ko‘rsatadi. U ko‘pincha bir narsaning afzallik va kamchiliklarini tortishda ishlatiladi.

• Living in the city is exciting. On the other hand, it’s very expensive.Shaharda yashash qiziqarli. Boshqa tomondan, bu juda qimmat.
• The job pays well. On the other hand, the hours are long.Ish yaxshi maoshli. Boshqa tomondan, ish soatlari uzun.
• I’d love to go to the party. On the other hand, I have an exam tomorrow.Ziyofatga borishni juda xohlardim. Boshqa tomondan, ertaga imtihonim bor.

On the one hand ..., on the other hand ... — “bir tomondan ..., boshqa tomondan ...”:

• On the one hand, social media helps us stay in touch. On the other hand, it can be addictive.Bir tomondan, ijtimoiy tarmoqlar aloqada bo‘lishga yordam beradi. Boshqa tomondan, ularga qaramlik paydo bo‘lishi mumkin.

Diqqat: In the other hand yoki At the other hand — xato. Faqat on the other hand.

by contrast / in contrast — rasmiy yozuvda

By contrast va In contrast — “aksincha”, “bunga zid ravishda”. Ular rasmiy yozuvda, ayniqsa grafik va jadvallarni tasvirlashda (IELTS Task 1) ko‘p ishlatiladi.

• Sales of laptops rose by 20%. By contrast, sales of tablets fell.Noutbuklar savdosi 20% ga oshdi. Aksincha, planshetlar savdosi kamaydi.
• Japan has a very old population. In contrast, most African countries have a young population.Yaponiyada aholi juda keksa. Aksincha, ko‘pchilik Afrika davlatlarida aholi yosh.

In contrast to / By contrast with + ot:

• In contrast to her sister, she is very quiet.Opasidan farqli o‘laroq, u juda jim.

unlike va compared with — ot bilan

unlike dan keyin ot yoki olmosh keladi (gap emas!). U “...dan farqli o‘laroq” degan ma’noni beradi.

• Unlike my brother, I love maths.Akamdan farqli o‘laroq, men matematikani yaxshi ko‘raman.
• Unlike most cities, Tashkent has very wide streets.Ko‘pchilik shaharlardan farqli o‘laroq, Toshkentda ko‘chalar juda keng.
• She is very calm, unlike her mother.Onasidan farqli o‘laroq, u juda xotirjam.

compared with / compared to — “...ga nisbatan”:

• Compared with last year, prices are much higher.O‘tgan yilga nisbatan narxlar ancha yuqori.
• This phone is cheap compared to the others.Bu telefon boshqalariga nisbatan arzon.

Bog‘lovchilarni solishtiring

Bosqichma-bosqich

1. Ikki faktni bitta gapda zidlayapsizmi? → whereas / while.
2. Ikkinchi fikrni yangi gapda kiritasizmi? → On the other hand (oddiy) yoki By contrast (rasmiy).
3. Faqat ot bilan solishtiryapsizmi? → Unlike + ot.
4. Afzallik va kamchilikni tortyapsizmi? → On the one hand ..., on the other hand ...

Misol: “Men tog‘larni yaxshi ko‘raman, akam esa dengizni.”

1. Ikki fakt, bitta gap → whereas.

Misol: “Opamdan farqli o‘laroq, men erta turaman.”

1. Ot bilan solishtirish → Unlike.

Misol: “Shaharda ish ko‘p. Boshqa tomondan, havo ifloslangan.”

1. Ikkinchi tomon, yangi gap → On the other hand.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

Eslab qoling: whereas / while — bitta gap ichida zidlash; On the other hand / By contrast — yangi gap boshida; unlike + ot / olmosh (me, him).

Hayotiy vaziyatlarda

Aka-uka haqida

• — Are you and your brother similar?— Sen va akang bir-biringizga o‘xshaysizmi?
• — Not at all! He’s very organised, whereas I’m always losing things.— Umuman! U juda tartibli, men esa doim narsalarimni yo‘qotaman.
• — And your interests?— Qiziqishlaringiz-chi?
• — Unlike me, he loves football. I prefer music.— Mendan farqli o‘laroq, u futbolni yaxshi ko‘radi. Men musiqani afzal ko‘raman.
• — Who’s more like your parents?— Kim ota-onangizga ko‘proq o‘xshaydi?
• — He looks like Dad, while I look more like Mum.— U dadamga o‘xshaydi, men esa oyimga ko‘proq o‘xshayman.

Qaror qabul qilish

• — Should I take the job in Dubai?— Dubaydagi ishni olaymi?
• — Well, on the one hand, the salary is excellent.— Bir tomondan, maoshi ajoyib.
• — Yes, but on the other hand, I’d be far from my family.— Ha, lekin boshqa tomondan, oilamdan uzoqda bo‘laman.
• — True. Compared with your current job, though, it’s a big step forward.— To‘g‘ri. Lekin hozirgi ishingga nisbatan bu katta qadam.

Kichik matn: “Ikki shahar” (IELTS uslubida)

Tashkent and Samarkand are both important cities in Uzbekistan, but they are very different. Tashkent is a large, modern capital with a population of over three million, whereas Samarkand is much smaller, with around half a million people. While Tashkent is famous for its wide avenues and modern buildings, Samarkand is known for its ancient architecture. Unlike Tashkent, which was largely rebuilt after the 1966 earthquake, Samarkand has kept many of its historic monuments. Life in Tashkent is fast and busy. By contrast, Samarkand has a slower, more relaxed atmosphere. On the one hand, Tashkent offers more jobs; on the other hand, many people find Samarkand more beautiful.

Matndagi barcha zidlash vositalarini toping. Qaysilari bitta gap ichida, qaysilari yangi gap boshida kelgan?

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. Men choy ichaman, xotinim esa qahva. → I drink tea, whereas my wife drinks coffee.
2. Akamdan farqli o‘laroq, men matematikani yaxshi ko‘raman. → Unlike my brother, I love maths.
3. Ish qiziq. Boshqa tomondan, maoshi kam. → The job is interesting. On the other hand, the salary is low.
4. Savdo 10% oshdi. Aksincha, foyda kamaydi. (rasmiy) → Sales rose by 10%. By contrast, profits fell.
5. O‘tgan yilga nisbatan narxlar yuqori. → Compared with last year, prices are higher.
6. Ba’zi odamlar shaharda yashashni afzal ko‘rsa, boshqalar qishloqni tanlaydi. → While some people prefer city life, others choose the countryside.

Hammasi to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, mavzu bo‘yicha testni topshiring.

Qisqa xulosa

• whereas — ikki faktni bitta gapda zidlaydi, rasmiyroq: A, whereas B.
• while — zidlash (= whereas) yoki vaqt (= ...ayotganda); gap boshida — “...ga qaramay”.
• On the other hand — yangi gapda ikkinchi tomon; On the one hand ..., on the other hand ...
• By contrast / In contrast — rasmiy yozuvda, grafik tasvirlashda.
• Unlike + ot / olmosh — “...dan farqli o‘laroq” (Unlike me, Unlike I emas).
• Compared with / to + ot — “...ga nisbatan”.
• In the other hand, By contrary — xato.